Different treatments of osteoporosis can increase or prevent breast cancer in women The WritePass Journal

Information and Facts About Elephant Babies

Data and Facts About Elephant Babies Elephants are intriguing creatures. Their size is great, and their quality is extraordinary. They are shrewd and loving creatures. Incredibly, even with their enormous size, they can walk quietly. You probably won't notice them cruising by! Quick Facts: Baby Elephants Incubation period: 18 - 22 monthsBirth weight: around 250 poundsHeight: around 3 feet tallAbout 99% of calves are conceived at nightCalves are brought into the world with wavy dark or red hair on their foreheadsCalves drink around 3 gallons of milk a day Realities About Baby Elephants A child elephant is known as a calf. It weighs around 250 pounds during childbirth and stands around three feet tall. Calves cannot see very well from the start, however they can perceive their moms by contact, fragrance, and sound. Child elephants remain near their moms for the main couple of months. The calves drink their moms milk for around two years, some of the time longer. They drink up to 3 gallons of milk a day! At around four months old, they additionally start eating a few plants, similar to grown-up elephants, yet they keep on requiring as much milk from their mom. They keep drinking milk for as long as ten years! From the outset, infant elephants dont truly recognize how to manage their trunks. They swing them back and forth and at times even advance on them. They will suck their trunk similarly as a human child would suck its thumb. By around 6 to 8 months, calves start figuring out how to utilize their trunks to eat and drink. When they are a year old, they can control their trunks truly well and, similar to grown-up elephants,â use their trunks for grasping,â eating, drinking, washing. Female elephants remain with the group forever, while guys leave to start a singular lifeâ at around 12 to 14 years old. Elephant Babies Coloring Page (Print the PDF): Color this image while you audit the realities youve learned.â Types of Elephants For a long time researchers imagined that there were two distinct types of elephants: Asian elephants and African elephants. Be that as it may, in 2000, they started characterizing African elephants into two particular species, the African savannaâ elephant and the African timberland elephant. Elephant Vocabulary Worksheet (Print the PDF): Discover increasingly about elephants byâ with this jargon worksheet. Look into each word in a word reference or on the web. At that point, compose the right word on the clear line close to every definition. Elephant Word Search (Print the PDF): See how well you recall what you found out about elephants. Circle each word as you think that its tucked away among the letters in the word search. Allude to the worksheet for any terms whose significance you dont remember.â African savannaâ elephants live in the region of Africa beneath the Sahara desert. African woodland elephants live in the downpour timberlands of Central and West Africa. The elephants that live in the African backwoods have littler bodies and tusks than those that live on the savannas. Asian elephants live in the scour and downpour woodlands of Southwest Asia, India, and Nepal. Elephant Habitat Coloring Page (Print the PDF): Review what youve found out about elephant Habitats. Recognizing Asian and African Elephants There are numerous likenesses among Asian and African elephants, however there are straightforward approaches to recognize one from the other. African elephants have a lot bigger ears that appear to be formed like the mainland of Africa. They need huge ears to chill their bodies on the hot mainland of Africa. Asian elephants ears are littler and increasingly adjusted. African Elephant Coloring Page (Print the PDF) There is additionally a particular distinction looking like Asian and African elephants heads. Asian elephants heads are littler than an African elephants head and have a twofold arch shape. Both male and female African elephants can develop tusks, however not all do. Just male Asian elephants develop tusks. Asian Elephant Coloring Page (Print the PDF) The Asian elephant is littler than the African elephant. Asian elephants live in wilderness natural surroundings. Its completely not the same as the deserts of Africa. Water and vegetation are increasingly copious in the wilderness. So Asian elephants don't require wrinkled skin to trap dampness or enormous ears to fan their bodies. Indeed, even the trunks of Asian and African elephants are unique. African elephants have two finger-like developments on the tip of their trunks; Asian elephants just have one. Elephant Family Coloring Page (Print the PDF): Do you want to distinguish African and Asian elephants? Are these African elephants or Asian elephants? What are the distinguishing highlights? Elephant Diet Coloring Page (Print the PDF): All elephants are plantâ eaters (herbivores). Grown-up elephants eat around 300 pounds of food daily. It requires some investment to discover and eat 300 pounds of food. They go through 16 to 20 hours daily eating! Refreshed by Kris Bales

Essay Classifications - Learn How To Do An Essay Without Much Work

Essay Classifications - Learn How To Do An Essay Without Much WorkSince the help of the online worksheets, it is easier to prepare a good essay without having to go through the trouble of printing the research material. There are two basic types of classifications that can be used for writing a paper. It is either the simple classifications or complex ones.The simple classification is that you can think about a good general idea in a short paragraph. Then give a brief description of what you have been thinking about, and your conclusion. If you are using a complex classification, then make sure you make the data ready. There are many assignments and exams that require extensive data.The next thing that you should do is to start by writing down a draft in advance of the start of the new semester. You can find some classifications in the college catalogues of all the colleges. Most of them have a sample essay that can be copied. You can also ask someone who is an expert in the field to explain the classification to you.If you are going to work on a research paper then you need to think of the major parts of the paper. You will need to take up all the required papers, essays, reviews, and reference materials to compile your work. Then you will have to start writing by taking a look at all the worksheets in order to understand the structure and organization of the paper.The category you choose will depend on how well you can arrange and organize the information you need to include in your paper. This might be easy for you if you are good at organizing things but if you are a bit limited in this regard then you may want to consider the more complex one. It is best if you start with the simpler one because you can think of an idea and compose a long paragraph.As you have read this article, you know now that you need to have all the details about the topic that you are writing about in order to come up with an interesting and good organized composition. If you do not want to spend hours on classifying papers, then the simple classifications can be quite helpful. The only thing that you need to be careful about is that you need to understand how they work. If you do not understand this, then you will have problems when the assignment comes.The more complex classification will need more work from you in order to come up with a good paper. The assignments and exams will require more detail and a great amount of study. You will not be able to finish all the research material within a few weeks. This is the reason why it is very important that you take time to understand how they work.These worksheets are great because you can learn all the details you need in a great deal of time. So if you want to get the best possible grades on your college papers, then consider learning these classifications.

No Prohibitions, No Problem Essay - 1199 Words

After the Revolutionary War, alcohol consumption increased as did the idea to reform America’s growing consumption. The Temperance Movement of the 1800s attempted to regulate the availability of alcohol by forming groups like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union and the American Temperance Society. These groups helped the eventual ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment. Section one of the Eighteenth Amendment of the U.S Constitution states, â€Å"After one year from ratification of this article the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors, within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States, and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes, is hereby†¦show more content†¦In 1916, there were 1300 breweries producing beer in the U.S.; 10 years later, there were none. The 318 wineries of 1914 became the 27 of 1925. Federal tax revenues from distilled spirits dropped from $316 m illion to less than $13 million, and revenue from fermented liquors from $117 million to nearly nothing (Blocker). This economic downturn was unexpected until the passing of the Volstead Act. While the Eighteenth Amendment did not clearly define the term intoxication, the Volstead Act defined it as containing 0.05% of alcohol by volume, therefore prohibiting nearly all alcoholic beverages (Blocker). This act included a significant loophole that the Eighteenth Amendment also had. The main problem with the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act was the many loopholes in both laws. The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, but it did not outlaw the possession or consumption of alcohol. The Volstead Act, the federal enforcement of Prohibition, also left enough loopholes to cause a number of schemes. Under the Volstead Act, medicinal alcohol, sacramental wine, and private consumption was legal. Pharmacists were allowed to pre scribe whiskey for any number of ailments. During the Prohibition Era, enrollments rose at churches and synagogues. There was also a large increase in the number ofShow MoreRelated absolut Failure Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesduring this period are reflected in the laws and regulations that were implemented. One of the most prominent examples of this was prohibition. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, or the Volsted act as it is also know, was implemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. â€Å"It was an attempt to promote Protestant middle-class culture as a means of imposing order on a disorderlyRead MoreThe 18th Amendment And Prohibition711 Words   |  3 Pagesamendment. The 18th amendment, prohibition, may have seemed like a positive thing at the time, but it caused countless problems like increased crime rates, the court system and law enforcement became corrupted, and the making of homemade alcohol increased. Crime rates, especially in urban areas, rapidly increased once Prohibition began. Crime was already troublesome with gangs and such then, but with Prohibition crime became even worse, â€Å"during the first year of Prohibition the number of crimes committedRead MoreThe Failed Experiment that Was Prohibition Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesProhibition In the 1920s, the 18th Amendment banned a persons right to manufacture and purchase liquor. Banning the transportation, manufacture,and sale of â€Å"intoxicating† beverages was known as prohibition, the most controversial law of that century. Prohibition was strongly supported by the government and women in America that were being abused. Important groups of that time being the â€Å"Dry’s† and the â€Å"Wet’s†. Opponents of prohibition consisted of men who felt that they deserved the right toRead More Prohibition: The Ignoble Experiment Essay579 Words   |  3 Pages Prohibition: The Ignoble Experiment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 18th Amendment , considered to be one of the biggest follies of the nation, was brought about with the intent to sincerely help the U.S., but more harm came from it than good. Prohibition, also known as the 18th Amendment , was ratified on January 29th, 1920 and was repealed on December 5th, 1933 with the ratification of the 21st Amendment which nullified prohibition. The 18th Amendment stated that it was illegal to manufactureRead MoreProhibitionin the Twenties1600 Words   |  7 PagesProhibition In the roaring twenties the idea of a dry age was crossing the minds of many citizens in the states. During this time, the economy was starting to boom. As society was booming, the temperance movement started to cause problems in the system. Most people went along with the idea that drinking was bad and needed to be put to an end but they still wanted to drink. Other problems are brought up about all of the job loss that this prohibition would cause. Prohibition was created to reformRead More Economic and Social Effects of Prohibition Essay example1193 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic and Social Effects of Prohibition There are many ways in which prohibition of alcohol consumption in the United States of America, damaged the very economic and social aspects of American culture, that it was designed to heal. â€Å"Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems it was intended to solve.† On 16th January 1920, one of the most common personal habits and customs of American society came to a halt. The eighteenth amendment was implemented, makingRead MoreTaking a Look at Prohibition937 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 18th amendment went into use in 1920. Prohibition in America between 1920 and 1933 was made a law to reduce crime and corruption, solve social issues, and improve the health of Americans. The effects of prohibition on Americans depended on the reduced amount of alcohol being drunk. For a while consumption levels of alcohol decreased but then soon increased after the long absence of alcohol. People that were not interested in alcohol before prohibition started to think of alcohol as a glamorousRead MoreThe World s Ideal Position1405 Words   |  6 Pagesone step further by living together in lawful, well-structured communities called societies. Nevertheless, societal problems – a byproduct of society – emerged, which affect the whole community. One major societal problem of humanity pertains to the neglectful upbringing and nurturing of children by unprepared or unqualified parents. Many people believe that the answer to this problem lies in pre-parental testing/screening in order to determine if the parents possess the mental, genetic, and financialRead MoreProhibition Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesProhibition The years leading into the 1920s and the prohibition movement were marked with saloons, drunkenness, and a society of increasing alcohol consumption. Americas changing social habits brought on the passage of the Eighteenth amendment in 1919, placing a nation-wide ban on intoxicating liquors. This amendment was to prevent the production, sale, and use of alcoholic beverages. As the new law was established, the problem of enforcing Americans to obey the law was a great taskRead MoreIdentification And Evaluation Of Sources1315 Words   |  6 Pageswill explore the question: What were the causes that lead to Prohibition s failure in the United States? This investigation will follow the years 1893 through 1933 to analyze the reasons for Prohibition s failure as well as a shift away from Prohibition. The Prohibition era in the United States is most notably remembered for its inability to sober up the nation. According to Mark Thornton, a historian from Cato Institute, prohibition had some initial success but ultimately led to an increase

Patrick Henrys Speech Rhetorical Analysis - 952 Words

America: â€Å"land of the free and home of the brave† (Key line 8). This statement would not exist without the important writers that built America’s foundation. The word courageous, however, does not just apply to physically fighting soldiers, but, for the people fighting mentally. The authors of the important documents, that helped lay a foundation for America, had a ton of courage to speak their mind. The authors: Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson, used rhetorical devices not only to prove to Britain that their colony was worth fighting for, but also to influence colonists to join the fight. First, Patrick Henry, author of â€Å"Speech in the Virginia Convention†, uses allusions and rhetorical questions to convince his†¦show more content†¦Next, the author of â€Å"The Crisis â„â€" 1†: Thomas Paine, uses aphorisms, while portraying ethos, to get his point across to the colonists. Although Paine uses several aphorisms throughout the first paragraph of the document, there is one that completely sums up what he is fighting for: â€Å"Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph† (Paine 88). This quote explains how King George III acts like the devil and rules like a tyrant. Paine tries to get people to join together during this difficult time. Even though he knows that this will be a tough fight, the victory will be worth it. Aphorisms give the audience, not only an eye opener to the situation, but also a lesson that explains how life opera tes. Paine uses ethos while describing England’s rule: Neither have I so much of the infidel in me as to suppose that He has relinquished the government of the world, and given us up to the care of devils; and as I do not, I cannot see on what grounds the King of Britain can look up to heaven for help against us: a common murderer, a highwayman, or a housebreaker has as good a pretense as him. (89) He tries to convince the colonists that the king is not a good man or ruler. As a matter of fact, he uses the situation to divide the right from the wrong. This shows that his goal is to display to theShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henrys Speech995 Words   |  4 Pagesshaped by people including, Patrick Henry, George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and many other key players who fought for our independence and left a legacy behind. Henry for instance, was one of the leading figures of the American Revolution. In his most famous speech, he effectively persuades his opponents and supporters of the revolution to unite and fight for independence by using rhetorical devices and appeals. In the first paragraph of Henrys speech, he does not immediately discreditRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henrys Speech932 Words   |  4 Pageswhere Patrick Henry would deliver one of the most influential speeches in the history of America. â€Å"Give me Liberty or Give Me Death† (3). He exclaimed to the sound of thunderous applause, he was trying to inspire a nation to rebel against their British oppressors. His speech was given two weeks before the revolution began and is accredited to inspiring the nation to take up arms and rebel. His appeals to emotion and logic make this a powerful and inspiring speech. Henry starts his speech by establishingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henrys Speech1086 Words   |  5 Pagesaway from the watchful eyes of Britain, Patrick Henry began to deliver a rousing speech to the Second Convention of Delegates. His passion was tangible to the audience as he called the delegates to action. His speech was memorable to everyone in the room and powerful in convincing the delegates to support the war. Little did he know that this speech would continue to be known for its power and persuasion for generations to come. Throughout Patrick Henrys speech, he emphasized the necessity to act againstRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henrys Speech At The Virginia Convention807 Words   |  4 Pages Patrick Henry Rhetorical Analysis In 1775, the citizens of colonial America were under distress due to the pressure coming from Great Britain. The citizens wanted liberties, however, the country as a whole was reluctant to push the issue to a point of initiating war. In his speech at the Virginia Convention, Patrick Henry argues how war is crucial for Americans to gain the liberties they pursue by explaining that British invasion is inescapable and illustrating how the citizens are ready and preparedRead MorePatrick Henry s Give Me Liberty1784 Words   |  8 PagesPatrick Henry’s â€Å"Give me Liberty, or Give me Death:† A Rhetorical Analysis On March 23, 1775, in the meeting hall of St. John’s Church in Richmond, Virginia, a group of important statesmen, merchants, plantation owners, military leaders, and various others met to determine the fate of their beloved colony. The colony of Virginia, under the governorship of Lord Dunmore, was tearing at its seams between monarchists, who remained loyal to the British Crown, and patriots in support of independence. Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech1375 Words   |  6 PagesJakob McBrayer Professor Beneteau English 1101 November 11, 2016 Rhetorical Analysis: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death! Many men were pivotal to the American cause in the War for Independence, and one of the most influential was Patrick Henry. In his famous speech â€Å"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death† Patrick Henry delivered a powerful speech through the manipulative use of language and word choice. On March 23, 1775, the third Virginia convention was held in St. John s Church in Richmond. The conventionRead MoreLiberty or Death1755 Words   |  8 Pagesphrase was used by both Patrick Henry and Malcolm X in their speeches. Even though these men gave their speeches almost two centuries apart their goal was the same. They both wanted to convince their audience to fight for freedom. Through the use of rhetorical strategies, Patrick Henry was successful in convincing the colonies to fight for their freedom from Britain and Malcolm X was successful in convincing African Americans to fight for their rights. To begin with, Patrick Henry was one of the firstRead MoreComparison of Thomas Paine and Patrick Henry: Revolutionary Tract876 Words   |  4 Pagesinflicted upon them by the British. As a result of these inflictions, Thomas Paine and Patrick Henry addressed these injustices, and proved to be very persuasive through providing reasoning and evidence that moved many colonists to believe that to reach contentment and peace the colonies had to rid themselves of British rule. Henry and Paine were successful in swaying their audience, not only because of the rhetorical strategies used, but also because they were passionate about the cause they were committedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech1341 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Patrick Henry’s Speech in the Virginia Convention (Brainstormed with Caroline Schwanawede, written independently) Amid the early conflicts between the American colonists and the British government, in addition to their supporters, these two groups experienced the difficult reality of colliding with an opposing set of values and lifestyles to their own, leading to mutual feelings of hostility and resentment and establishing a widespread want for a revolution in the colonialRead MoreThe Speech To The Virginia Convention Rhetorical Analysis883 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Henry Outline Introduction Attention getter- Thesis- The rhetorical devices in the Speech to the Virginia Convention by Patrick Henry is very effective. Appeals Emotional Context and quote- This quote appears during Henry responds to the opposing argument, giving reasons to refute it. â€Å"There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir,

Explaining The Pathophysiology Of Asthma †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Explaining The Pathophysiology Of Asthma. Answer: Introduction Asthmarefers to a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the airways and is a commoninflammatory disease that affects the airwaysof the lungs.This condition is primarily characterized by recurring and variable symptoms such as, bronchospasm, reversibleairflow obstruction, chest tightness, coughing, andshortness of breath. These episodes are found to occur several times per day or week. Depending on the physiological condition of the individual suffering from it, these symptoms often worsen at specific time of the day (Bonini and Usmani 2015). Although, childhood asthma and wheezing are non-synonymous terms, they most often create similar outcomes among children. This report will discuss a case study on the occurrence of paediatric asthma in a child, Jessica, aged 5 years old. It will also elaborate on the pathophysiology of the disease and illustrate the common signs and symptoms, thereby relating them to the case study. Pathophysiology of the illness/disease Asthma is a direct manifestation of chronic inflammation that occurs in the conducting region of the airways. This inflammation commonly occurs in the bronchi and the bronchioles. This subsequently leads to an elevation in contractibility of the smooth muscles that are present near and around the airways. The aforementioned factors often contribute to bouts of airway narrowing, which in turn contributes to symptoms related to wheezing (Mahr, Malka and Spahn 2013). Airway hyperresponsiveness state is a characteristic functional abnormality of paediatric asthma and leads to narrowing of the airways due to a stimulus. Hyperresponsiveness most often occurs due to a viral infection and consists of an elevated sensitivity of the airways, to an external agent (Price et al. 2013). In this case scenario, it is evident Jessicas family have three pets, two long-haired dogs and one short-haired cat. Pet dander and hair are composed of even microscopic particles and flecks of dead skin, shed by the dogs, cats or other animals with feathers and furs. These skin and hair bits act as triggers and lead to hypersensitivity in the airways. According to research evidences, higher rates of allergies to cats are reported by individuals (Huang et al. 2013). The breathing allergens often decline the ability of the lungs to function in an appropriate manner, which in turn worsens the respiratory symptoms (Konradsen et al. 2014).Exposure to endogenous and exogenous factors such as, allergens and the increased viscosity of the mucus that lines the epithelium is found to modulate function of the cilia. Thus, the fact that Jessica has three pets can be attributed to onset of mechanisms that influenced the airway hyperresponsiveness and caused inflammation of her airways. Bronchoconstriction can be defined as the dominant physiological event that leads to subsequent interfering with the airways. In cases of acute exacerbation of paediatric asthma, the smooth muscles of the bronchi contracts rapidly to narrow the airways, thereby responding to exposure to a range of stimuli (Carraro et al. 2013). Jessicas diagnosis to seasonal asthma can be attributed to her shift to the suburbs. This made her more susceptible to exposure to a range of external agents such as, pollen, dust or fumes that might have resulted in an increase in the population of T helper 1 and 2 cells. In addition, generation of Th2 cytokines were also triggered by the allergens that lead to IgE overproduction, increase in eosinophil and bronchoconstriction. Furthermore, exposure to a range of allergens in the household and the new locality to which the patient Jessica shifted to, might have contributed to mast cell activation that releases bronchoconstrictor mediators, such as, histamine, prostaglandin D2, and cytokines (Boulet and OByrne 2015). Inflammatory cell infiltration has a probability of intraepithelial and subepithelial cell inflammatory cell accumulation (Manuyakorn, Howarth and Holgate 2013). The innate and adaptive immune systems play a considerable role in the onset and regulation of inflammation in the airways. In particular, research studies have found strong relation between inflammation and an imbalance between the Th1 and Th2 cytokines (Yuan et al. 2013). Furthermore, onset of paediatric asthma can be related to an increase or shift towards Th2 cytokine-like disease. This occur either in the form of an underexpression of Th1 or overexpression of Th2. In addition, the airway inflammation in the patient Jessica might also represent a loss of balance between the two opposite populations, composed of Th lymphocytes (Th 1 and Th2) (Farahani et al. 2014). Furthermore, the allergic inflammation that resulted in the onset of paediatric asthma might have been mediated by the family of cytokines by Th2 cells. This statement can be further validated by the fact that the immune system of infants and children are skewed towards generation of Th2 cytokines (Cho and Norman 2013). Two signs/symptoms Wheezing sounds during auscultation- Upon conducting an auscultation of the patient Jessica, with the help of a stethoscope, wheezing sounds were heard from her heart and lungs. This procedure was performed with the aim of examining the respiratory and circulatory system of the patient. Hence, the major symptom can was presented by Jessica in the form of whistled, or high-pitched sounds that were produced, during breathing. The sounds were most commonly heard when she exhaled. This continuous, coarse sound was produced due to narrowing of the respiratory airways (Bener et al. 2014). Obstruction of certain parts of the respiratory system might have contributed to such sounds in the patient. This symptom can be correlated to the manifestation of asthmatic conditions due to the fact that mucus accumulation, airway inflammation and tightening of the muscles can lead to a narrowing of the airways, thereby leading to the production of wheezing sounds. Upon getting exposed to a range of asthmatic triggers, such as pollutants, allergen, and pet dander, hypersensitive reactions are seen in the sensitive airways. These in turn get red and inflamed, thereby contributing to tightening of the air muscles (Esposito et al. 2014). This is often manifested in the form of excess mucus or phlegm production that narrows the bronchi and makes it difficult for an asthmatic individual to breathe. Wheezing has been associated with asthma in children who have been suffering from the health abnormality for a prolonged period of time (Tapiainen et al. 2016). Thus, the audible wheezes in the upper zone can be attributed to blockage of the upper part of the respiratory system. The audible wheezes that are heard can also be accompanied due to chest tightness and shortness of breath, the most common symptoms of asthma. Hence, the turbulent flow of air through the narrowed segments of the extrathoracic airways is responsible for producing a whistling noise . Airflow through the compressed or narrowed regions of the bronchi and bronchioles become turbulent, which in turn leads to vibrations in the walls of the airways (Silvestri et al. 2015). This vibration leads to the production of wheezing sounds, the primary symptom presented by Jessica. Increased respiratory rate- The typical respiratory rate for a healthy individual, aged 6 years is approximately in the range of 18-25 breathes per minute. However, upon admission, the patient Jessica showed elevated respiratory rate, 36 bpm. This condition suggests presence of symptoms that pertain to tachypnea. This symptom was presented in the form of abnormal breathing. This breathing condition refers to a physiological state where the breathing is fast and often shallow, due to accumulation of excess carbon dioxide in the body (Ozkiraz et al. 2013). Bronchial asthma, the disorder presented by Jessica occurred due to obstruction of the breathing pathways. This in turn was mediated by several allergens (Nievas and Anand 2013). The fact that the patient was susceptible to exposure to a range of pollutants, allergens and animal hair, she was at an increased likelihood of suffering from tachypnea, which increased the breathing rate. Presence of prolonged asthma can be associated with loss of adventitious breath sounds, thereby contributing to rapid breathing, in addition to high-pitched wheezing sounds (Kim et al. 2014). Hence, an inflammation of the respiratory tract, in association with release of inflammatory cytokines might have resulted in rapid breathing in the patient. This symptom is indicative of respiratory problem, persistent in the patient. Hence, it can be stated that the respiratory distress caused due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways are primarily responsible for tachypnea/rapid breathing symptoms in Jessica. Conclusion To conclude, the discussions presented above help in confirming the occurrence of asthma in the patient Jessica. The patient reported several signs and symptoms that are directly related to the inflammation of the airways. A reduction in the diameter of the bronchial tubes caused adventitious lung sounds that occur due to airflow through compressed airways. The immune system of the patient played a major role in the pathogenesis of the condition, by controlling the release of Th1, Th2 and other cytokines. Furthermore, hyperresponsiveness to pet dander, and other external agents in the suburbs, such as, pollen and pollutants, increased the susceptibility of the patient to suffer from asthma. These factors acted as major triggers that led to the development of paediatric asthma symptoms. Furthermore, inflammation of the skin, and development of learning and cognitive disabilities were also related to the asthmatic symptoms in the patient Jessica. References Bener, A., Ehlayel, M.S., Bener, H.Z. and Hamid, Q., 2014. The impact of Vitamin D deficiency on asthma, allergic rhinitis and wheezing in children: An emerging public health problem.Journal of family community medicine,21(3), p.154. Bonini, M. and Usmani, O.S., 2015. The role of the small airways in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease,9(6), pp.281-293. Boulet, L.P. and OByrne, P.M., 2015. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes.New England Journal of Medicine,372(7), pp.641-648. Carraro, S., Giordano, G., Reniero, F., Carpi, D., Stocchero, M., Sterk, P.J. and Baraldi, E., 2013. Asthma severity in childhood and metabolomic profiling of breath condensate.Allergy,68(1), pp.110-117. Cho, C.E. and Norman, M., 2013. Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring.American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology,208(4), pp.249-254. Esposito, S., Galeone, C., Lelii, M., Longhi, B., Ascolese, B., Senatore, L., Prada, E., Montinaro, V., Malerba, S., Patria, M.F. and Principi, N., 2014. Impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in children with recurrent wheezing or asthma.BMC pulmonary medicine,14(1), p.130. Farahani, R., Sherkat, R., Hakemi, M.G., Eskandari, N. and Yazdani, R., 2014. Cytokines (interleukin-9, IL-17, IL-22, IL-25 and IL-33) and asthma.Advanced biomedical research,3, p.127. Huang, C., Hu, Y., Liu, W., Zou, Z. and Sundell, J., 2013. Pet-keeping and its impact on asthma and allergies among preschool children in Shanghai, China.Chinese Science Bulletin,58(34), pp.4203-4210. Kim, M.J., Yoo, J.H., Jung, J.A. and Byun, S.Y., 2014. The effects of inhaled albuterol in transient tachypnea of the newborn.Allergy, asthma immunology research,6(2), pp.126-130. Konradsen, J.R., Nordlund, B., Onell, A., Borres, M.P., Grnlund, H. and Hedlin, G., 2014. Severe childhood asthma and allergy to furry animals: Refined assessment using molecular?based allergy diagnostics.Paediatric Allergy and Immunology,25(2), pp.187-192. Mahr, T.A., Malka, J. and Spahn, J.D., 2013, May. Inflammometry in paediatric asthma: a review of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in clinical practice. InAllergy and asthma proceedings(Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 210-219). OceanSide Publications, Inc. Manuyakorn, W., Howarth, P.H. and Holgate, S.T., 2013. Airway remodelling in asthma and novel therapy.Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology,31(1), p.3. Nievas, I.F.F. and Anand, K.J., 2013. Severe acute asthma exacerbation in children: a stepwise approach for escalating therapy in a pediatric intensive care unit.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics,18(2), pp.88-104. Ozkiraz, S., Gokmen, Z., Boke, S.B., Kilicdag, H., Ozel, D. and Sert, A., 2013. Lactate and lactate dehydrogenase in predicting the severity of transient tachypnea of the newborn.The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Medicine,26(12), pp.1245-1248. Price, M.M., Oskeritzian, C.A., Falanga, Y.T., Harikumar, K.B., Allegood, J.C., Alvarez, S.E., Conrad, D., Ryan, J.J., Milstien, S. and Spiegel, S., 2013. A specific sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a mast celldependent murine model of allergic asthma.Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,131(2), pp.501-511. Silvestri, M., Franchi, S., Pistorio, A., Petecchia, L. and Rusconi, F., 2015. Smoke exposure, wheezing, and asthma development: A systematic review and meta?analysis in unselected birth cohorts.Pediatric pulmonology,50(4), pp.353-362. Tapiainen, T., Aittoniemi, J., Immonen, J., Jylkk, H., Meinander, T., Nuolivirta, K., Peltola, V., Salo, E., Seuri, R., Walle, S.M. and Korppi, M., 2016. Finnish guidelines for the treatment of laryngitis, wheezing bronchitis and bronchiolitis in children.Acta Paediatrica,105(1), pp.44-49. Yuan, Y., Yang, B., Ye, Z., Zhang, M., Yang, X., Xin, C., Lin, M. and Huang, P., 2013. Sceptridium ternatum extract exerts antiasthmatic effects by regulating Th1/Th2 balance and the expression levels of leukotriene receptors in a mouse asthma model.Journal of ethnopharmacology,149(3), pp.701-706.

Research Methods and Statistics Midterm Exam Essay Example

Research Methods and Statistics Midterm Exam Essay In the formula n Is the sample size. Median position = (n + 2 Median position = (24 + 1)/2 Median position = 25/2 = 12. 5 Now we look for position 12 and 13. Position 12 is 5, and position 13 is 6. We take the average of the two values and that is the median. Median = (5 11/2= 5. 5 Median = 5. 5 The mode is the most frequent response in the distribution 6-1 2-2 7-2 3-6 8-6 4?2 5-1 10-1 In this example we have two modes. They are 3 and 8. A creativity test. The student scored 123 on the intelligence test and 123 on the creativity test. The mean for the intelligence test is 100, and the standard deviation is 16. The mean for the creativity test is 115, and the standard deviation is 14. What statistic would you use to compare the two scores from these two different distributions (the intelligence test distribution and the creativity test distribution)? Compute this statistic and determine on which test, if either, the student performed better. Explain your answer. (10 pets) Intelligence test score = 123, mean = 100, tankard deviation = 16 Creativity test score = 123, mean = 1 15, standard deviation = 14 To determine on which test the student did better, we use the standard deviation and the mean. To do the determination we have to use the standard deviation in proportion to the normal curve. Intelligence 129 Creativity Range: 84- 116 101 The student did better in the intelligence test since the mean for both test is within the range for the intelligence test. 3) a. Calculate the standard deviation for the following distribution: (5 pets total) calculate the mean (1+2+3+7+8+9) = 30 / 6 = 5 Subtract the mean from each score 1 -5=-4 7-5=2 2-5=-3 8-5=3 Square the resulting difference for each score. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods and Statistics Midterm Exam specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods and Statistics Midterm Exam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods and Statistics Midterm Exam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These are the squared deviations. -4 X -4 = 16 -3 x-3=9 EX.=9 -2 x-2=4 4 X 4=16 Add the squared deviations. (16+9+4 +4+9+ 16) = 58 Divide the squared deviations by the sample size to get the variance. 58 / 6 Take the square foot of the variance to get the standard deviation. Standard deviation = 3. 11 = 9. 67 -7=0 2-7=-5 8-7=1 3-7 9-7=2 Square the difference -6 x -6=36 OX=O -5 x -5=25 XIX- -4 x -4=16 ex.=4 Add the squared deviations and divide by the sample size 36 +25+16+0+1 Take the square foot of the variance = 3. 9 = 3. 7 c. What percentage of people would have scores falling between the mean and this value? 13. 66% d. What percentage of people would have scores falling at or below this value? 27. 32% 4) Sally was given a standardized test in which the mean for her class was 500, and the standard deviation was 100. Sally scored 400. Compute her score to a z-score (show your work). How did Sally perform relative to the rest of her class (be specific)? (10 pets) z = (400-500) 1100 z100/100 z

Free Essays on Ride To This

Music Business Question 1. The music publishing industry at a glance would seem to be those who print sheet music, method books, lead sheets, and all of the texts or notated music that musicians (and those aspiring to be musicians) use. Years ago, this was what most music publishers did, but as the industry has evolved the process that become much more complex. Music is not just ink and paper, intellectual material and property to the individual who writes it. Therefore the song does not become â€Å"a song† when it is written down. This is not an easy concept to grasp because the song by itself has no physical makeup. A song could exist once it is played for the first time, and songs can even exist inside the mind of a songwriter. This concept is why the publishing business can be so complex; we are dealing with intellectual property. The heart of the music publishing business lies in the rights to the original music. After the music is successful enough to financially suppor t itself the music is printed in mass quantities in a variety of ways. This could be everything from guitar tabs to choral arrangements for a junior high choir. The publisher’s main source of income is through record royalties, performance royalties received from companies like the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) for performances of music copyrighted by the publisher. These royalties could be from many different types of performances but most are though radio and songs on television. The success of a songwriter lies in the greatly in the hands of his/her publisher. Normally we hear of a band’s success when they are â€Å"signed† with a record deal, but most record companies not only produce and promote an album, they also act as the publisher who, when contracted, owns the rights to the music. When a publisher own the song it is put i... Free Essays on Ride To This Free Essays on Ride To This Music Business Question 1. The music publishing industry at a glance would seem to be those who print sheet music, method books, lead sheets, and all of the texts or notated music that musicians (and those aspiring to be musicians) use. Years ago, this was what most music publishers did, but as the industry has evolved the process that become much more complex. Music is not just ink and paper, intellectual material and property to the individual who writes it. Therefore the song does not become â€Å"a song† when it is written down. This is not an easy concept to grasp because the song by itself has no physical makeup. A song could exist once it is played for the first time, and songs can even exist inside the mind of a songwriter. This concept is why the publishing business can be so complex; we are dealing with intellectual property. The heart of the music publishing business lies in the rights to the original music. After the music is successful enough to financially suppor t itself the music is printed in mass quantities in a variety of ways. This could be everything from guitar tabs to choral arrangements for a junior high choir. The publisher’s main source of income is through record royalties, performance royalties received from companies like the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) for performances of music copyrighted by the publisher. These royalties could be from many different types of performances but most are though radio and songs on television. The success of a songwriter lies in the greatly in the hands of his/her publisher. Normally we hear of a band’s success when they are â€Å"signed† with a record deal, but most record companies not only produce and promote an album, they also act as the publisher who, when contracted, owns the rights to the music. When a publisher own the song it is put i...

Profile of MSNBC Host Chris Matthew

Profile of MSNBC Host Chris Matthew Chris Matthews is the feisty, outspoken host of MSNBCs Hardball, a top-rated program devoted to political news and analysis.   Matthews is known for his blunt, outspoken style and tough grilling of interviewees, and for his in-depth knowledge of and love for politics. He has produced a number of acclaimed special news programs for MSNBC, including Rise of the Right in 2010, a look at the rhetoric of violence and discrimination of rightwing extremists. Political Views Chris Matthews has been accused of being both too liberal and too conservative. In truth, hes an independent thinker, not prone to political extremism. His views are colored more by his Catholic convictions than by partisanship. As a young man, Matthews was a conservative Goldwater supporter until he was attracted to the anti-war, pro-civil rights 1968 presidential campaign of fellow Irish Catholic Eugene McCarthy. Matthews has worked for four Democratic leaders, and yet, since 2001, has spoken to an array of conservative organizations. Matthews has openly stated,   Im more conservative than people think. Earlier Positions   1968-70 - Peace Corps, in Swaziland1973-74 - After knocking on 200 doors on Capitol Hill, Matthews landed a staff position with Sen. Frank Church (D-UT).1974 - Unsuccessful run for Congress from Philadelphia1974-81 - Speech-writer and advisor to Sen. Ed Muskie (D-ME) and President Jimmy Carter.1981-87 - Administrative assistant and chief spokesman for Speaker of the House Tip ONeill (D-MA). As a powerful top aide to the Speaker, Matthews honed his political skills and masterful understanding of the political process. He also made invaluable Capitol Hill contacts. Tip ONeill retired in 1987. Broadcast Newspaper Journalist: 1987 - Briefly worked for Government Research Corp, a private company.1987 - 2000 - Washington D.C. bureau chief for the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper2000 - 2002 - Nationally syndicated columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle1997 - Debut on CNBC of Hardball with Chris Matthews, later moved to MSNBC. Hardball airs daily on weekdays, and as needed for special political coverage.2002 - Debut of The Chris Matthews Show, a 30-minute weekend news and political roundtable program produced by NBC News. Honors and Publications   In addition to 17 honorary doctorates, Matthews has been awarded: David Brinkley Award for Excellence in Broadcast JournalismAbraham Lincoln Award from the Philadelphia Union LeagueThe Gold Medal Award from the Pennsylvania Society Chris Matthews has authored 4 best-selling books: Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows The Game (1988) Kennedy Nixon: The Rivalry That Shaped Postwar America (1996) Now, Let Me Tell You what I Really Think (2001) American: Beyond Our Grandest Notion (2002) Personal Data Birth - December 17, 1945 in Nicetown, Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb, to Herb Matthews, a court reporter, and Mary. The Matthews, conservative Irish Catholics, had 4 other sons, Herb, Jim, Bruce and Charlie.Education - B.A. 1967, College of the Holy Cross. Graduate work in economics, University of North Carolina.Family - Married in 1980 to Kathleen Matthews. 3 children, Michael, Thomas, Caroline.Faith - Roman Catholic Chris Matthews suffers from diabetes, and was hospitalized in fall 2006 for diabetic complications. He also survived a bout of malaria in 2002 that he likely contracted in Africa. Marriage and Family Chris Matthews has been married to Kathleen Matthews since 1980. Kathleen Matthews is an award-winning news anchor/producer who covered D.C. news, mainly for ABC, for over twenty-five years.   In late 2006, she was named Executive VP - Communications Public Affairs of Marriott International. Born in 1953 in Los Altos Hills, California, the oldest of five children, she was a 1975 honors graduate from Stanford University, where she majored in American Studies and played varsity tennis. Kathleen Matthews is active in charitable causes, sits on many non-profit boards, and with Chris, co-chairs a capital campaign for D.C. Catholic Charities. She holds 10 honorary doctorate degrees. Chris and Kathleen Matthews have three children. Their son Michael (b. 1982) is a filmmaker who graduated from Brown University in 2005. Their son Thomas (b. 1986) is an actor who has starred in American Hustle  , Joy, and HBOs  Ã‚  The Newsroom.  Their daughter, Caroline (b. 1989), who graduated from high school in 2007, has absorbed her fathers interest in Africa, and formed an AIDS awareness school club. In 2006, Caroline participated in a service project at an AIDS orphanage in Kenya, and wrote about her experience in a Newsweek magazine article. Chris Matthews brother Jim Matthews was defeated in his 2006 run as the Republican candidate for Pennsylanias Lieutenant Governor. Memorable Quotes by Chris Matthews On Press Coverage of the Iraq War It is like we are at war - we have killed 15,000 people that died over there in that war, we still get guys knocked off every couple of days, a couple more guys are killed - and yet it is not on the tube. It’s like, are we bored with the war now? Is that the new thing? We don’t cover a war guys are fighting? And I watch the news, I don’t see the war any more. It has been taken off television, and Bush must love it. Certainly Karl Rove loves the fact that the Iraq War has gotten boring for the American people. - Radio Interview with Don Imus, September 21, 2006 Advice to Aspiring Political Journalists Ive had one helluva an apprenticeship for what Im doing on television: fifteen years in politics, fifteen years writing for San Francisco newspapers. I wouldnt have any of this if I hadnt gone to Washington and gotten in the door. Thats what youve got to do: get yourself in the game. - May 16, 2004 Commencement Address to Hobart and William Smith Colleges On Liberals and Conservatives The liberals will talk about poverty, injustice, and racism, and nuclear war, and pick that part of the Christian message from Jesus, and the conservatives will find the evils of sodomy, the evils of, uh, uh, infidelity, the evils of sex of any form. It seems like the conservatives don’t like sex and they’re very focused on that and the liberals are focused on social injustice. - March 9, 2007 on MSNBCs Hardball On His 2002 Bout with Malaria The important thing, I think, is how the experience affected me. There is no adequate emotional accounting for the effect of all those flowers, plants, fruit baskets, letters and phone calls. Or for the calm joy of simply having my crazed career engines turned off for a couple of weeks. Or for the love that has flowed from Kathleen and the rest of my world. - Speech in August 2002, transcript at Peace Corps Online

Profile of MSNBC Host Chris Matthew

Profile of MSNBC Host Chris Matthew Chris Matthews is the feisty, outspoken host of MSNBCs Hardball, a top-rated program devoted to political news and analysis.   Matthews is known for his blunt, outspoken style and tough grilling of interviewees, and for his in-depth knowledge of and love for politics. He has produced a number of acclaimed special news programs for MSNBC, including Rise of the Right in 2010, a look at the rhetoric of violence and discrimination of rightwing extremists. Political Views Chris Matthews has been accused of being both too liberal and too conservative. In truth, hes an independent thinker, not prone to political extremism. His views are colored more by his Catholic convictions than by partisanship. As a young man, Matthews was a conservative Goldwater supporter until he was attracted to the anti-war, pro-civil rights 1968 presidential campaign of fellow Irish Catholic Eugene McCarthy. Matthews has worked for four Democratic leaders, and yet, since 2001, has spoken to an array of conservative organizations. Matthews has openly stated,   Im more conservative than people think. Earlier Positions   1968-70 - Peace Corps, in Swaziland1973-74 - After knocking on 200 doors on Capitol Hill, Matthews landed a staff position with Sen. Frank Church (D-UT).1974 - Unsuccessful run for Congress from Philadelphia1974-81 - Speech-writer and advisor to Sen. Ed Muskie (D-ME) and President Jimmy Carter.1981-87 - Administrative assistant and chief spokesman for Speaker of the House Tip ONeill (D-MA). As a powerful top aide to the Speaker, Matthews honed his political skills and masterful understanding of the political process. He also made invaluable Capitol Hill contacts. Tip ONeill retired in 1987. Broadcast Newspaper Journalist: 1987 - Briefly worked for Government Research Corp, a private company.1987 - 2000 - Washington D.C. bureau chief for the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper2000 - 2002 - Nationally syndicated columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle1997 - Debut on CNBC of Hardball with Chris Matthews, later moved to MSNBC. Hardball airs daily on weekdays, and as needed for special political coverage.2002 - Debut of The Chris Matthews Show, a 30-minute weekend news and political roundtable program produced by NBC News. Honors and Publications   In addition to 17 honorary doctorates, Matthews has been awarded: David Brinkley Award for Excellence in Broadcast JournalismAbraham Lincoln Award from the Philadelphia Union LeagueThe Gold Medal Award from the Pennsylvania Society Chris Matthews has authored 4 best-selling books: Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows The Game (1988) Kennedy Nixon: The Rivalry That Shaped Postwar America (1996) Now, Let Me Tell You what I Really Think (2001) American: Beyond Our Grandest Notion (2002) Personal Data Birth - December 17, 1945 in Nicetown, Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb, to Herb Matthews, a court reporter, and Mary. The Matthews, conservative Irish Catholics, had 4 other sons, Herb, Jim, Bruce and Charlie.Education - B.A. 1967, College of the Holy Cross. Graduate work in economics, University of North Carolina.Family - Married in 1980 to Kathleen Matthews. 3 children, Michael, Thomas, Caroline.Faith - Roman Catholic Chris Matthews suffers from diabetes, and was hospitalized in fall 2006 for diabetic complications. He also survived a bout of malaria in 2002 that he likely contracted in Africa. Marriage and Family Chris Matthews has been married to Kathleen Matthews since 1980. Kathleen Matthews is an award-winning news anchor/producer who covered D.C. news, mainly for ABC, for over twenty-five years.   In late 2006, she was named Executive VP - Communications Public Affairs of Marriott International. Born in 1953 in Los Altos Hills, California, the oldest of five children, she was a 1975 honors graduate from Stanford University, where she majored in American Studies and played varsity tennis. Kathleen Matthews is active in charitable causes, sits on many non-profit boards, and with Chris, co-chairs a capital campaign for D.C. Catholic Charities. She holds 10 honorary doctorate degrees. Chris and Kathleen Matthews have three children. Their son Michael (b. 1982) is a filmmaker who graduated from Brown University in 2005. Their son Thomas (b. 1986) is an actor who has starred in American Hustle  , Joy, and HBOs  Ã‚  The Newsroom.  Their daughter, Caroline (b. 1989), who graduated from high school in 2007, has absorbed her fathers interest in Africa, and formed an AIDS awareness school club. In 2006, Caroline participated in a service project at an AIDS orphanage in Kenya, and wrote about her experience in a Newsweek magazine article. Chris Matthews brother Jim Matthews was defeated in his 2006 run as the Republican candidate for Pennsylanias Lieutenant Governor. Memorable Quotes by Chris Matthews On Press Coverage of the Iraq War It is like we are at war - we have killed 15,000 people that died over there in that war, we still get guys knocked off every couple of days, a couple more guys are killed - and yet it is not on the tube. It’s like, are we bored with the war now? Is that the new thing? We don’t cover a war guys are fighting? And I watch the news, I don’t see the war any more. It has been taken off television, and Bush must love it. Certainly Karl Rove loves the fact that the Iraq War has gotten boring for the American people. - Radio Interview with Don Imus, September 21, 2006 Advice to Aspiring Political Journalists Ive had one helluva an apprenticeship for what Im doing on television: fifteen years in politics, fifteen years writing for San Francisco newspapers. I wouldnt have any of this if I hadnt gone to Washington and gotten in the door. Thats what youve got to do: get yourself in the game. - May 16, 2004 Commencement Address to Hobart and William Smith Colleges On Liberals and Conservatives The liberals will talk about poverty, injustice, and racism, and nuclear war, and pick that part of the Christian message from Jesus, and the conservatives will find the evils of sodomy, the evils of, uh, uh, infidelity, the evils of sex of any form. It seems like the conservatives don’t like sex and they’re very focused on that and the liberals are focused on social injustice. - March 9, 2007 on MSNBCs Hardball On His 2002 Bout with Malaria The important thing, I think, is how the experience affected me. There is no adequate emotional accounting for the effect of all those flowers, plants, fruit baskets, letters and phone calls. Or for the calm joy of simply having my crazed career engines turned off for a couple of weeks. Or for the love that has flowed from Kathleen and the rest of my world. - Speech in August 2002, transcript at Peace Corps Online

Profile of MSNBC Host Chris Matthew

Profile of MSNBC Host Chris Matthew Chris Matthews is the feisty, outspoken host of MSNBCs Hardball, a top-rated program devoted to political news and analysis.   Matthews is known for his blunt, outspoken style and tough grilling of interviewees, and for his in-depth knowledge of and love for politics. He has produced a number of acclaimed special news programs for MSNBC, including Rise of the Right in 2010, a look at the rhetoric of violence and discrimination of rightwing extremists. Political Views Chris Matthews has been accused of being both too liberal and too conservative. In truth, hes an independent thinker, not prone to political extremism. His views are colored more by his Catholic convictions than by partisanship. As a young man, Matthews was a conservative Goldwater supporter until he was attracted to the anti-war, pro-civil rights 1968 presidential campaign of fellow Irish Catholic Eugene McCarthy. Matthews has worked for four Democratic leaders, and yet, since 2001, has spoken to an array of conservative organizations. Matthews has openly stated,   Im more conservative than people think. Earlier Positions   1968-70 - Peace Corps, in Swaziland1973-74 - After knocking on 200 doors on Capitol Hill, Matthews landed a staff position with Sen. Frank Church (D-UT).1974 - Unsuccessful run for Congress from Philadelphia1974-81 - Speech-writer and advisor to Sen. Ed Muskie (D-ME) and President Jimmy Carter.1981-87 - Administrative assistant and chief spokesman for Speaker of the House Tip ONeill (D-MA). As a powerful top aide to the Speaker, Matthews honed his political skills and masterful understanding of the political process. He also made invaluable Capitol Hill contacts. Tip ONeill retired in 1987. Broadcast Newspaper Journalist: 1987 - Briefly worked for Government Research Corp, a private company.1987 - 2000 - Washington D.C. bureau chief for the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper2000 - 2002 - Nationally syndicated columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle1997 - Debut on CNBC of Hardball with Chris Matthews, later moved to MSNBC. Hardball airs daily on weekdays, and as needed for special political coverage.2002 - Debut of The Chris Matthews Show, a 30-minute weekend news and political roundtable program produced by NBC News. Honors and Publications   In addition to 17 honorary doctorates, Matthews has been awarded: David Brinkley Award for Excellence in Broadcast JournalismAbraham Lincoln Award from the Philadelphia Union LeagueThe Gold Medal Award from the Pennsylvania Society Chris Matthews has authored 4 best-selling books: Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows The Game (1988) Kennedy Nixon: The Rivalry That Shaped Postwar America (1996) Now, Let Me Tell You what I Really Think (2001) American: Beyond Our Grandest Notion (2002) Personal Data Birth - December 17, 1945 in Nicetown, Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb, to Herb Matthews, a court reporter, and Mary. The Matthews, conservative Irish Catholics, had 4 other sons, Herb, Jim, Bruce and Charlie.Education - B.A. 1967, College of the Holy Cross. Graduate work in economics, University of North Carolina.Family - Married in 1980 to Kathleen Matthews. 3 children, Michael, Thomas, Caroline.Faith - Roman Catholic Chris Matthews suffers from diabetes, and was hospitalized in fall 2006 for diabetic complications. He also survived a bout of malaria in 2002 that he likely contracted in Africa. Marriage and Family Chris Matthews has been married to Kathleen Matthews since 1980. Kathleen Matthews is an award-winning news anchor/producer who covered D.C. news, mainly for ABC, for over twenty-five years.   In late 2006, she was named Executive VP - Communications Public Affairs of Marriott International. Born in 1953 in Los Altos Hills, California, the oldest of five children, she was a 1975 honors graduate from Stanford University, where she majored in American Studies and played varsity tennis. Kathleen Matthews is active in charitable causes, sits on many non-profit boards, and with Chris, co-chairs a capital campaign for D.C. Catholic Charities. She holds 10 honorary doctorate degrees. Chris and Kathleen Matthews have three children. Their son Michael (b. 1982) is a filmmaker who graduated from Brown University in 2005. Their son Thomas (b. 1986) is an actor who has starred in American Hustle  , Joy, and HBOs  Ã‚  The Newsroom.  Their daughter, Caroline (b. 1989), who graduated from high school in 2007, has absorbed her fathers interest in Africa, and formed an AIDS awareness school club. In 2006, Caroline participated in a service project at an AIDS orphanage in Kenya, and wrote about her experience in a Newsweek magazine article. Chris Matthews brother Jim Matthews was defeated in his 2006 run as the Republican candidate for Pennsylanias Lieutenant Governor. Memorable Quotes by Chris Matthews On Press Coverage of the Iraq War It is like we are at war - we have killed 15,000 people that died over there in that war, we still get guys knocked off every couple of days, a couple more guys are killed - and yet it is not on the tube. It’s like, are we bored with the war now? Is that the new thing? We don’t cover a war guys are fighting? And I watch the news, I don’t see the war any more. It has been taken off television, and Bush must love it. Certainly Karl Rove loves the fact that the Iraq War has gotten boring for the American people. - Radio Interview with Don Imus, September 21, 2006 Advice to Aspiring Political Journalists Ive had one helluva an apprenticeship for what Im doing on television: fifteen years in politics, fifteen years writing for San Francisco newspapers. I wouldnt have any of this if I hadnt gone to Washington and gotten in the door. Thats what youve got to do: get yourself in the game. - May 16, 2004 Commencement Address to Hobart and William Smith Colleges On Liberals and Conservatives The liberals will talk about poverty, injustice, and racism, and nuclear war, and pick that part of the Christian message from Jesus, and the conservatives will find the evils of sodomy, the evils of, uh, uh, infidelity, the evils of sex of any form. It seems like the conservatives don’t like sex and they’re very focused on that and the liberals are focused on social injustice. - March 9, 2007 on MSNBCs Hardball On His 2002 Bout with Malaria The important thing, I think, is how the experience affected me. There is no adequate emotional accounting for the effect of all those flowers, plants, fruit baskets, letters and phone calls. Or for the calm joy of simply having my crazed career engines turned off for a couple of weeks. Or for the love that has flowed from Kathleen and the rest of my world. - Speech in August 2002, transcript at Peace Corps Online

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 34

Essay Example This study will focus on one nation, the Iroquois, as a prime example. The Iroquois people, who called themselves Haudenosaunee envisioned their Nation as being one giant family. In truth they created a governing body that was a family of nations. The name, Haudenosaunee, which is used to refer to this Iroquois nation, means literally, "People of the Longhouse." They built long houses that were large structures creating a long hall and became the meeting place for local and distant chieftains and other dignitaries to speak, make laws, give announcements, etc. Some of these structures were hundreds of feet long for meeting of all the nations, while single villages’ were less than fifty feet in length. However, the width and height of longhouses varied only slightly. Haudenosaunee longhouses were usually between twenty and thirty feet wide and the apex of their roofs were generally between eighteen to twenty feet high. The true center of longhouse family relationships revolved around the fireside family. (Johnson, 2003, p. 12) In fact their many c enturies old culture may have actually been the first congress of democracy in the America’s long before the Declaration of Independence or the United States Constitution. The Iroquois Nation was bound together by what is probably the worlds first constitution, known as the Gayanashagowa (Great Law of Peace). They are also touted as being the first true participatory democracy on the planet. (Benner, 2005, p. 32) They formed a United Nations among themselves. While our very recent constitution states that â€Å"all men are created equal,† in practice if certain people have something you need and do not want to give it up, then suddenly they are no longer people, savages and not men, but animals. While there had always been many disputes over the Native American, the Iroquois would find that in 1785 New York and its then Governor, George Clinton, along with a company called The New York Genesee

The Balance of Freedom of Expression and Sedition Essay

The Balance of Freedom of Expression and Sedition - Essay Example The paper tells that many people have lived and died expressing what they believed was a truth. Such freedom of expression may have been enjoyed and curtailed over history.   If the truth impinged on sensitive issues such as exposing ugly truths about the government and its actions against its people, then there are ways to curtail it. The First Amendment to the first US Constitution, which was known as the Articles of Confederation, included freedom of expression in the bill of rights. Such freedom has been interpreted in a multitude of ways. Some have used it to their advantage and interpreted it as the right to discuss the government, the right to criticize the government, the right to oppose the government, the right to advocate the change of the government, etc., which puts the government in a bad light and induce fear and doubt in the citizenry. Thus, government efforts to control such acts prompted the creation of more laws to protect its own image and prevent mass hysteria. During the war, the Espionage Act was enacted into law on June 15, 1917. Title I, section 3 limited the freedom of expression during wartime by declaring it unlawful to â€Å"make false statements that interfered with the military; to attempt to cause "insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty" in the military; or to obstruct the military recruiting or enlistment services†. Relevant to the press in this act is Title XII which gives permission to the postmaster general to declare unmailable any printed material which is deemed violating the law. One way to curb press freedom was the rule for newspapers and periodicals to appear at regularly stated intervals to qualify for a second-class mailing permit, which is generally cheaper. If the postmaster general withheld just one issue from the mail, a second-class permit could be revoked indefinitely, resulting in the publication to come out irregularly. Revocation of the second-class permit makes it unprofitable to p ublish because the alternatives of first-class and third-class postal rates were much higher.

Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essa

Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† The phrase â€Å"the power of the press† is used often, but what exactly is the power of the press? Since the beginning of news reporting, it’s been known that what actually gets into the news reports is monitored and carefully picked by higher authorities. What isn’t widely known, however, is that the media can use specific wording and phrases that, on the surface, look like normal news coverage, but are actually a technique of the media to control the images people see and the words they hear and read. From this, people then form their ideals, but are these actually ideals of those people if the media from which they based them off of was controlled to begin with? It is the power of the press to control and manipulate the public’s ideals by what is released in the media. In childhood, it’s evident from the start that the parents are the ones who hold the power. As the child grows and develops, the parents show him that they are in control by correcting the things he does wrong and by making it clear that they know more than he does about life. Until the child is old enough to create his own ideals of what is right and what is wrong, the parents shape his ideals for him. As the child grows older, however, the parents relinquish this hold on him and allow him to form his own ideals of the world around him. But as he ventures out in the world, is he actually forming his own ideals, or is he still being shaped by an even larger, more powerful source? In George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant, Orwell suggests just that; one can form his own ideals, but they will either be changed by the media (symbolized in his essay by the Burmese natives) or constructed from... ...d and has left them with only the ideals which the press wanted them to have in the first place. The power of the press is not to share the truth about everything; it is the power to control what everyone thinks about everything. Works Cited Crocker, Brandon. â€Å"What Really Matters.† The American Spectator. 11 May 2004. Farah, May. Rev. of About Baghdad, pro. Sinan Antoon. The Daily Star. 30 June 2004. Franklin, H. Bruce. â€Å"From Realism to Virtual Reality: Images of America’s Wars.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 384-400. Murphy, Maureen Clare. Rev. of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land, dir. Bathsheba Ratzkoff & Sut Jhally. The Electronic Intifada 26 March 2004. Orwell, George. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 334-339. Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant Essa Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† The phrase â€Å"the power of the press† is used often, but what exactly is the power of the press? Since the beginning of news reporting, it’s been known that what actually gets into the news reports is monitored and carefully picked by higher authorities. What isn’t widely known, however, is that the media can use specific wording and phrases that, on the surface, look like normal news coverage, but are actually a technique of the media to control the images people see and the words they hear and read. From this, people then form their ideals, but are these actually ideals of those people if the media from which they based them off of was controlled to begin with? It is the power of the press to control and manipulate the public’s ideals by what is released in the media. In childhood, it’s evident from the start that the parents are the ones who hold the power. As the child grows and develops, the parents show him that they are in control by correcting the things he does wrong and by making it clear that they know more than he does about life. Until the child is old enough to create his own ideals of what is right and what is wrong, the parents shape his ideals for him. As the child grows older, however, the parents relinquish this hold on him and allow him to form his own ideals of the world around him. But as he ventures out in the world, is he actually forming his own ideals, or is he still being shaped by an even larger, more powerful source? In George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant, Orwell suggests just that; one can form his own ideals, but they will either be changed by the media (symbolized in his essay by the Burmese natives) or constructed from... ...d and has left them with only the ideals which the press wanted them to have in the first place. The power of the press is not to share the truth about everything; it is the power to control what everyone thinks about everything. Works Cited Crocker, Brandon. â€Å"What Really Matters.† The American Spectator. 11 May 2004. Farah, May. Rev. of About Baghdad, pro. Sinan Antoon. The Daily Star. 30 June 2004. Franklin, H. Bruce. â€Å"From Realism to Virtual Reality: Images of America’s Wars.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 384-400. Murphy, Maureen Clare. Rev. of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land, dir. Bathsheba Ratzkoff & Sut Jhally. The Electronic Intifada 26 March 2004. Orwell, George. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant.† The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 334-339.

Product and Geographic Departmentalization Essay

est for a company managers are faced with several decisions/dilemmas. The following should be considered: †¢The products they produce †¢Who their customers are †¢Where their customers are located Once the above considerations has been taken, a manager can then look at the advantages and disadvantages to the different types of departmentalization. Two types of departmentalization are product and geography. Product departmentalization is when a company is organized by specific products. Take a look at 3M Corp; they make both consumer and industrial products. All of 3M Crops products operate under different divisions (Griffin, 2013). For example their Post-it and Scotch Brite brands could be located in the same building, but do not have the same managers or staffing resources. Basically the mangers and staff for both brands are coexisting with no business interaction. This type of departmentalization can also apply to retail stores. Most retail stores are broken into different departments. The advantages of product departmentalization are: †¢Allows people to specialize in one area of expertise †¢Makes it easier to assess performance †¢Makes decision making faster The disadvantages of product departmentalization are: †¢Duplication of functions †¢Coordination across different product departments †¢Limited view of organizational goals The above advantages and disadvantages taken from (Zararain, 2012) Geographic departmentalization is creating departments in the geographic areas they service. Coca-Cola is a company that operates using geographic departmentalization. They have 6 operating regions: Eurasia & Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America, Pacific and Bottling Investments – in addition to Corporate (Unknown, 2011). The advantages of product departmentalization are: †¢Effective and efficient management. †¢Reduces costs by locating organizational resources closer to customers The disadvantages of product departmentalization are: †¢Duplicates functions †¢Functions are dispersed, therefore control cannot be exercised effectively †¢Isolates organizational areas from one another. The above advantages and disadvantages taken from (Zararain, 2012) I feel managers are challenged to try and decide what departmentalization type will best suit their company’s needs. Just because one fits today, that may not be the case in years to come. A manager may need to revisit the different departmentalization types and pick a new one that best fits the company’s structural needs. Note: Only two of the five-departmentalization types have been discussed. For more information on the other types please refer to page 219, chapter 7 in Business.

Iago of William Shakespeares Othello Essay - 1546 Words

Iago of William Shakespeares Othello Who is Iago? Iago poisons peoples thoughts, creating ideas in their heads without implicating himself. His first victim is Roderigo. Roderigo remarks, That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse as if the strings were thine. [Act I, Scene I, Line 2] Throughout the play, Iago leads Roderigo, professing that . . . I do hate [the Moor] as I do Hell pains. [Act I, Scene I, Line 152] He tells Roderigo to Put money in thy purse [Act I, Scene III, Line 328] so that he can win Desdemona with gifts. Iago keeps for himself those gifts that Roderigo intends for Desdemona. Iago is smart. He is an excellent judge of people and their characters. He knows Roderigo is in love with Desdemona and would do†¦show more content†¦These fellows have some soul, and such a one do I profess myself. [Act I, Scene I, Line 49] Ironically, Iago says of himself yet do I hold it very stuff o? the conscience to do no contrived murder. I lack iniquity sometimes to do me service. [Act I, Scene II, Line 2] Iagos character abounds with amorality, extreme self-love, and cynicism. He does not value loyalty, love, honesty, or nobility. He declares to Roderigo: I am not what I am (I-1-71), demonstrating that he is completely void of integrity, acting instead in a duplicitous manner. Iago changes his personality entirely depending on whom he is interacting with - with Othello, Iago is valorous and noble; with Roderigo, he is harsh and brusque. His frequent use of superficial actions is exemplified by his comment, also to Roderigo: I must show out a sign and flag of love? (I-1-173). Iago possesses remarkable intelligence and skillfully weaves the lethal web of destruction among his victims. His ability to change face at will is undoubtedly an indispensable part of his skill, and Iago easily fools his victims by appearing to support someone while he is actually opposing him. Iago lusts for power, but his sense of power is attained by manipulating and annihilating others in a cruel and unusual way. Iago undeniably has an unquenchable thirst for power and domination. Critics such as M. R. Ridley believe that the ability to hurt is the most convincing display of onesShow MoreRelated Iago in William Shakespeares Othello Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesIago in William Shakespeares Othello William Shakespeare, born: 1564 died: 1616, is considered one of the greatest writers who has ever lived. He had a unique way of putting things into words. All of his plays, sonnets, and poems have gotten great recognition. But when Shakespeare wrote Othello he created one of the most controversial villains of all times; Iago. He is best described as disturbing, ruthless, and amoral. No other character can even come close to his evil (Iago: The 1). 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Chinese Kongsi Clan

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 9065 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 Introduction The Chinese of South China came to Malaya in the great numbers. Today, they comprise about the Hokkien dialect, and they quickly established their clan houses or kongsi, in Georgetown. These kongsi are actually clan temples for ancestor worship. They are set like jewels in courtyards, guarded by great stone lions. However, the role of the Chinese kongsi changes very rapid in Malaya since the late 1900s, and hence their impact on the Chinese community was very significance. The Chinese kongsi were district associations was organized on a district (of China) or clan (surname) basis. Chinese kongsi also were mutual-benefit societies whose membership was drawn from particular village and prefectures in China. In China they were originally religious or benevolent self help associations, which assumed a political or anti-dynastic character at the time of the Manchu conquest, and later degenerated into organizations of criminals for exploiting and intimidating the community. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Chinese Kongsi Clan | International Relations Dissertations" essay for you Create order Their rivalries, especially regarding control and limits of the protection areas into which they parceled towns and districts, brought them into collision. Their objects were to help needy members carry out various religious rites, and help in settling disputes among their members or between their members and others. Chinese kongsi are organizations of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname in Malaya. In the opinion of contemporary Europeans, kongsi was quite distinct from the hui or secret society, but the fact is that kongsi was the inclusive term including the benevolent associations, pure and simple, and the hui that was both self-help and criminal in its scope. When the hui were finally suppressed, the kongsi survived and they continue their work of benevolence and mutual assistance.But the maritime province of China from which the Straits Chinese were drawn was notorious in Chinese history for their turbulence and for generations various districts had carried on bloody feuds. When the natives of these districts came to Malaya they brought their feuds with them. To understand how British colonialism affected the Chinese community in Penang to form an association or Chinese kongsi, we have to look into the implications of the colonization of the island by Francis Light an English country trader. 1.1 Background Pulau Pinang or Penang is name of an island in the Straits Malacca and also is a small mountainous island off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, 15 miles long by nine miles wide. The east coast of the island is the site of Penangs harbor, formed by the narrow channel that separates the island from the mainland. The name of Penang as called by Chinese as Binlang Xu (means island of Penang) in navigational drawings used by the maritime voyages of Imperial (Ming dynasty China) envoy Admiral Cheng Ho. Penang was already identified in the chart ofCheng Hos voyage to the South Sea in the 15th century. However, the urban development of Penang only started when Francis Light established the trading base of the East India Company in 1786, for the voyage between China and India. All the varied flavours of both worlds- in the faces, languages, customs and costumer- are blended, yet distinct. Penang was founded for trade, and trade remains the hearts of its economy. In time Penang earned a reputation for having the sweetest water in the east. Similarly, the Chinese settlement in Tanjong Tokong pre-dates the English settlement by several decades. There were also Chinese planters living in Krian and along the Kedah coast, opposite the island. The main urban settlement on the island, George Town, sits close to this harbor on the northeastern promontory of the island. George Town was named by Francis Light on August 10th 1786, and is thus as old as the Settlement itself. Light had occupied the island on (July 17th) that clearing the jungle on Penaga Point and going on to mark out what are still the central thoroughfares viz. Having named the island after the Prince of Wales, Light evidently made amends by naming the town after George III, quickly adding name to commemorate and conciliate the Primer Minister (William Pitt), and the Governor-General (Cornwallis). 1.1.1 Founding Penang Penang was part of the sultanate Kedah until it became a British possession in 1786, gaining independence as part of the Federation of Malaya in 1957. In 1786, Captain Francis Light established Penang to serve as an English trading emporium in the Straits of Malacca, an area strategically located between India and China. At that time, the British had no port between Calcutta and Canton, a matter for concern when monsoon storms drove British ship to seek supplies or repair. These scenario had changed dramatically on 17 July 1786 when Lieutenant Gray, under the command of Captain Francis Light, led a pioneer landing party and proceeded to supervise an orderly disembarkation. Captain Light, who was on board the Eliza, had chosen Penaga Point, a cover on the northeast finger of the island, to set-up his headquarters. The Eliza, accompanied by the Prince Henry and the Speed well, had left Kedah port on the 14th of July after having reached an understanding with the Sultan to establish a trading port on behalf of the English East India Company. After Francis Light introduced the idea of a free port, which in sharp contrast to the established practice in the area. The result was dramatic. Small trades who had been sailing to several small Malayan and Dutch ports turned more and more toward Penang. Soon a steady stream of permanent Asian settlers followed. At the same time, Penang also attracted Chinese traders and merited from India subcontinent and the neighboring Malay States. Light reported to the East India Company that trades came from as far as Arabia in the West and Makasaar in the East. Light successfully negotiated an agreement with the Sultan of Kedah that Penang would be ceded to the East India Company in exchange for 6,000 per annum and the promise that the company would station an armed vessel in the Straits to guard Penang and the Kedah coast. They agreed that free trade would be allowed, and that anyone could trade on the Kedah coast without restriction. Despite having written reports to his superiors in Calcutta about the helpfulness of the natives on the island, Captain Francis Light and subsequent East India Company officers considered the island virtually uninhabited .Thus Light went on to claim the island for the English Crown and christened it Princes of Wales Island. Its capital was Georgetown, named after George III while the fort itself was named after the Governor-General of India, Charles, Marrquis Cornwallis. Through this second treaty signed in 1800, the English gained control of the coastline stretching from Kuala Kedah in the north to the Krian estuary in the south. This was named Province Wellesley, after Richard, Earl of Mornington, later Marquis of Wellesley, Governor-General of India. Once the agreement was concluded, the British boats landed. The next day, a Chinese from Kedah, together with some Indian Christians, brought Light a welcoming gift of fishing nets. Most agree that this man was Koh Lay Huan, a Chinese from Fujian province whom Light described as the most respectable member of the Chinese, and whom he appointed as Penangs first Chinese community leader or kapitan (a word borrowed from Dutch into English, Chinese and Malay to refer to the appointed leaders of ethnic groups). Penang quickly became a cosmopolitan commercial center, and among the many who flocked to Penang to seek the protection of the British flag were Europeans, Chooliahs (Tamils), Bengalis, Chinese, Bur mese, Arabs, Malays and Portugese. By 1789, there were ten thousand residents, and this number doubled by 1795. 1.1.2 Founding Chinese Kongsi As the majority of Chinese immigrants came from the southern maritime provinces of China (Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi) where the Triad Society had prospered, it is not surprising to find therefore that many of them were in fact Triad members who had brought the secret organization with them to Singapore and Malaya. The available evidence suggests that the Triad was firmly established in the Straits Settlements by the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was first recorded in Penang in 1799 as a source of trouble to the local government. By 1825 there were at least four secret societies- the Ghee Hin, the Ho Seng, the Hai San and the Wah Sang- firmly entrenched on the island. When waves of Chinese immigrants deluged Malaya during the second half of the nineteenth century, they had no intentions of making the country their permanent home. They were hua chiao who left China to find their fortune and having found it, and then they intended to return to the motherland. While the Chinese immigrants lived in Malaya, they wanted Chinese social to comforts for their home-away-from-home. As they increased in number their need for closer identification and security drove to set up associations and societies similar to hose in China. So, while the kongsi administration in Penang at defiance as early as 1799: in 1825 they actually plotted an insurrection in league with the Siamese to overthrow the Government; in 1826 Newbold notes the Triad Society in Malacca as being 4,000 strong. In the meantime, the Chinese immigrant also established the association (or hui kuan) which formed on a provincial basis, there were the Hokkien (Fukien) and Kwangtung Associations. The principal functions of this hui kuan were to keep alive links with their home provinces by making available to members reading materials on their home regions, and to provide mutual aid such as subsidies for funerals of members, education aid include scholarships and loans. While the organizations of the nineteenth century catered primarily to the socio-economic needs of the overseas Chinese, during the twentieth century, as the latter became increasingly politically conscious, these organizations also sought to generate concern for motherland among their members. There were also fully aware that Chinas future depended rot on caring for regional interest alone but for those of the whole nation. Socially, the dialect associations offered opportunities for sharing news and reminiscences about the home districts as well as for recreation. However, the mains functions of the associations were to provide social welfare services and protection to the new immigrants and those who needed material help when they first come to Malaya. Basically, the immigrant will join the associations as a member to make sure they get the protection and the rich merchants were usually elected as the leaders of their respective dialect groups. They contributed large sums of money to keep the association going, and in return, they commanded respect in their own dialect groups. Through the dialect associations or even hui kuan, many Chinese leaders were able to influence the attitudes of the members towards practically any matter. Thus, as well be seen later, both the revolutionaries and the reformists competed for the support of the leaders of the dialect groups. In a period of about forty years (1846-89), a series of riots, twelve of which were serious, had occurred in the Straits Settlements. Most of these involved heavy loss of life and property, and were serious threats to public security. The Penang riot of 1867, for example, involved some 30,000 Chinese and 4,000 Malays (about a quarter of the total population of Penang and Province Wellesley) in a bloody fight which lasted for about a month, and damage was estimated at $ 60,000 (Spanish). Like the dialect groups and the clan organizations, the secret societies formed an important part of the social fabric of the Chinese communities in Singapore and Malaya in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before their suppression in 1890, the secret societies constituted a semi-legal of self-government in the Chinese communities, protecting life and property, allocating jobs and settling disputes among their members. Because of the lenient policy of the government of the Straits Settlements, the secret societies came to assume considerable control over the Chinese by intimidation, blackmail and violence. They sometimes recruited newly-arrived immigrants by force and protected opium and gambling houses and brothels. Personal feuds and factional quarrels over spheres of influence frequently led to armed clashes which affected the safety of all the Chinese, and threatened public security as a whole. Significant of study Rational, significance, or need for the study The topic of the Chinese kongsi of Penang has been the basis of many studies. It has also formed part of wider studies encompassing British Malaya and Southeast Asia. Most of these studies, however, are concerned with the origin of kongsi and limited studies have been made on the major role and role reversal of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. The present study represents an attempt to fill this gap. Penang became a centre of regional trade in the early 19th century. Its status as an entrepot was over-shadowed after 1819 by Singapore, which also took over as the administrative centre of the Straits Settlements in 1832. Nevertheless its economic base was strengthened from the second half of the 19th century by the growth of the tin and later rubber industries in the Malay Peninsula. Then Penang became part of the global political economy of colonial capitalism. The newly-immigrant Chinese, who were legally aliens and whose ties to their ancestral homeland remained strong. Leaders of both groups sometimes came together in the Chinese Town Hall and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce as well as various organizations, based on clan, district, and occupation, which were the main channels of Chinese social and political life, but the English and Chinese-educated Chinese were virtually separate communities. The Chinese secret societies, they began as self-help Chinese associations that provided protection and assistance to members.Chinese do want to remain culturally distinguishable, and hat they are drawn in this century both towards nationalism in China and towards embracing local loyalties by the same forces, that is by he pressures of modernization and the erosion of traditional values. Nevertheless, this study has not tried to evaluate the quality of Chinese political life in Penang. The significance of this study is to prove that the role of the Chinese kongsi have been changed between the period of the study. The subject of Chinese amalgamations-kongsi or hui kuan and secret societies which are such an outstanding feature of Chinese life in the Straits-has not been fully dealt with here because it is thought of enough importance to merit a separate chapter, but now that references has been made to the policing of the Chinese in the first decades of Penangs story, mention of them cannot be avoided if only in a bare reference. This study has been chosen to discuss the problems in terms of politics because politics can be more volatile and more susceptible to radical change. It may not be as deep as social and culture change, nor as fundamental as economic innovation, but I hope to show that similar questions are worth asking about social and economic change and that the answers these produce would provide a sound basis for evaluating the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. Statement of the problem The term for secret society and hui, is often interchangeable with the terms like kongsi or Chinese clan (hui kuan), all roughly translating to the meaning of brotherhood. The term kongsi is more widely know in Southeast Asia, whereas in Penang, the secret societies were simply known as hui or tong. Kongsi or clan halls, are benevolent organizations of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname. This type of social practice arose, it is held in Penang since 19th century. The term of kongsi is synonymous with the contemporary Chinese word for a commercial firm or business enterprise. The kongsi resembled a miniature Chinese village, with its own self-government as well as educational, financial, welfare and social organizations. However, the establishments of the Chinese kongsi not only cause tenseness among the Chinese communities but also with other group including the Malay and India. This is because of Chinese kongsi only help the member with the same surname but not all Chinese community or other race. Like the Penang Riots of 1867 which were nine days of heavy street fighting and bloodshed among the secret societies of Penang which spiraled out of the British control. However, Chinese kongsi still play a very important role as a benevolent organization of Chinese community in Penang. But, the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang also changing slowly just as a symbolic of the Chinese culture after 1960. Meanwhile, Chinese kongsi also make distinction between secret societies with Chinese kongsi. That will has to be subject of more detailed in this study. Elements, hypotheses, or research questions to be investigated Chinese community is the second-largest ethnic group in Malaysia, where Chinese groups are allowed to maintain their own cultures, which then fit into a large dominant Malay national pattern. Associational activities had always been an integral part of Chinese life necessitated by economic needs and cultural predilections. Exactly how were these Chinese kongsi originally formed? How did they function? To what extent did these kongsi reflect to the social organization and patterns of the Chinese community? I decide to seek the answer for two questions. The first was how Penang Chinese kongsi attitudes towards the region did and local people change over time, and how this might has influenced their perspective and play the important role on the Chinese groups in Penang? What are their present roles and functions regarding nation-building? In addition, what factors reflected in the general process change of Chinese kongsis role? My second question and the more difficult one was whether the alleged similarities between the Chinese secret societies and Chinese kongsi were the result of contact and mutual influence between them in the colonial period. Has the raison dtre of the Chinese kongsi changed? None of the answers for these questions are self-evident nor could they be adduced from mere observation. I think that such questions should be best subjected to empirical inquiry (as far as is attainable) and treated dispassionately rather than on conjectural or speculative bases. Definition of terms Having thus obtained a general view of the subject matter of this and the following study, it is necessary trace as far as possible from time of its foundation in each Settlement in the Straits, up to year 1867, the history and fortune of each chapter of the local Chinese secret societies and kongsi which collectively are known as the Triad society and upon that evidence to attempt to separate the several societies into the two rival camps of Triad-Hui (secret societies) and Kongsi (benevolent societies). The use of the term Chinese kongsi naturally raises the question: what is a Chinese kongsi and what different between hui(secret society) and kongsi? To prevent conceptual confusion, I shall make a preliminary hypothesis of what a Chinese kongsi is? The word kongsi so frequently made use in the evidence, means company, and the word hui or hoeys means Brotherhood, Society, or Association. A hui is a secret society. But the word kongsi is frequently made use of to denote a hui. In Chinese the term kongsi conveys the meaning of secret and illegal society, only when used after the name such illegal society e.g. Ghee Hin Kongsi. While the word kongsi in Malay terms means a partnership or association of any sort, or a barrack or house occupied by Chinese laborers. But when the word kongsi used in conjunction with the Malay word gelap, it means secret society (kongsi gelap). While Barbara Ward defines Chinese kongsi as the large political groups in the mining districts, which seems rather vague. J.C. Jacksons points are much more specific because he uses the term kongsi to signify alliances of mining unions and their farming and mining members. Wang Tai Peng defines it neither simply as partnership or brotherhood, nor a combination of both. Rather, definition of kongsi is that it was a form of open government, based on an enlarged partnership and brotherhood. Its purpose was to protect economic gains as well as to resist outside powers. This new political organization provided a foundation for the social and economic life of the overseas Chinese. As Wang Tai Peng made a definition of Chinese kongsi in his study: Kongsi is a Chinese world which indicates a firm partnership or society in a very broad sense. The word has been commonly used in the archipelago over centuries and has become current in both Dutch and various native languages. Literally it means government by a general public or administration of public affairs. The world, kongsi, is derived from the dialect of the Hokkien people who have established themselves throughout Java and commercial ports of the outer islands. In the Hakka dialect, it reads as kung-sze. In Riouw and Jawa, administrations of a firm are customarily addressed and referred to as kongsi. Chinese officials also used this title. Owing to the untiring pursuit of the Chinese of the means to raise capital, the Chinese kongsi is numerous not only in our colony but also in the Malay Peninsula, in the outer islands of Indonesia and in the Philippines. The significance of the kongsi for the flowering and development of Chinese industry, commerce and navigation is hard to underestimate. The kongsi were entirely established to hold people of the same home countries and clans in closer tie or relationship. In the family kongsi, no one, because of the tradition, could have private fortune so long as their father lived. All the family capital were at the disposal of the patriarch. Undoubtedly, if under closer examination, many kongsi would no longer be family kongsi as they at first seem to be. The Chinese kongsi have, however, become more and more divorced from the above-mentioned origins over time, more especially recently. (Beknopte Encyclopaedi van Nederlandsche Oost-Indi) In fact, almost every Chinese institution during the early nineteenth century was called kongsi. A temple patron god, a clan society or a provincial club of the Chinese overseas was often named kongsi on foundation. Nevertheless, during the later part of the nineteenth century, they became better know as hui-kuan, a name that was actually much older than kongsi, appearing in the sixteenth century. On the other hand, what exactly is meant by the term secret societies? It does not apply to all groups forced into clandestine activities. Rather, it designates associations whose policies are characterized by a particular kind of religious, political, and social dissent from the established order, such as the White Lotus Sect and the Triad Society. And indeed such present-day terms for secret society as mi-mi hsieh-hui and mi-mi she-hui are neologisms, literal translations of the Western term secret society used from the mid-nineteenth century on by such men as Schlegel, Gtzlaff, and Wylie in describing these Chinese groups as analogous to the Freemasons, the Carbonari and Sainte-Vehme. The groups known in the West as secret societies were classified by the literal of imperial China as hsieh-chiao (perverse, aberrant, or heterodox sects), yin-chiao (depraved sects), mo-chiao (demoniac sects), fei-chiao (rebel sects), yao-chiao (witchcraft sects), etc. Worth noting is the fact that each of these Chinese terms contain an allusion to the religious character of the secret societies, a character discernible in all these groups whether one speaks of the chiao-men, religious sects in the strict sense that propagated a special religious doctrine, or the hui-tang, seditious associations or bands in which the religious elements were restricted to the rites of initiation, to the sacred area called Mu-yang Cheng (City of Willows), to the oaths of fidelity made by invoking the gods, and to other Para religious acts. The Chinese language at that time had no accepted term for secret society. The modern term pi-mi she-hui was apparently introduced by the Japanese. Of two authors writing in the same period about the corporation between the Republicans and the secret societies around 1910, the Japanese, Hirayama Amane, spoke of pi-mi she-hui, whereas the Chinese, Tao Cheng-chang, retained the traditional distinction between chiao-men and hui-tang. However, other scholar also called Chinese kongsi as secret societies. This had caused much of confusion in the mind of the colonial authorities. The British administration in the Straits Settlements, for example, had been confusing hui-kuan with hui or secret societies until 1892 when it began to draw a clear-cut line between them. Hui or brotherhood is more proper a term to the vehicle of Chinese self-government as it was then the term secret society. The term secret society is all the more misleading for the objection raised by Purcell, whatever the precise implication of secrecy may have been: All Chinese social organization was necessarily secret whilst it was not recognized or was banned by the Government. The Chinese municipal organizations in Borneo, the kongsis, were, and are, referred to as secret societies, as are all Chinese political organization in Siam where they are illegal. Some of the Chinese kongsi in Southeast Asia may have carried over the ritual oath-taking ceremony and even the name of Tien-Ti Hui, they generally evolved from a small partnership, either in commerce or mining. On foundation, they were called hui or union, after which was commonly misused in early colonial days to mean a secret society. Later, when they grew into large organizations with hundreds or thousands of members, they were known as kongsi. The Tien- Ti Hui in Penang was a partnership in origin. In this study, it should be mentioned here that a distinction should be made between the bona fide kongsi which were, and are, benevolent associations, and the dangerous secret societies whose object was extortion and opposition to the law but in these early days it is debatable whether all the associations did not in some measure adopts similar lines of behavior. Europeans have made a distinction between the huis (as the secret societies were called) and the Chinese kongsi, or district or clan associations, labeling the former as secret and subversive, and the latter as open and beneficial. Even thought hui (secret society) is different with kongsi from perceptive of term, but from the social aspects, both associations are formed by overseas Chinese based on dialect group or same family names to look after their members affairs and welfare. As what Blythe mentioned, who writers as follows: This attempt to distinguish between kongsi and hui is quite arbitrary-based, I imagine, on the uninformed writings of early Europeans. For example, the Ghee Hin Society was normally known as the Ghee Hin Kung Si. On the other side, most purely benevolent societies are know as hui, even down to the Tontine type of monthly subscription and monthly draw (Cantonese Ngan Wui). In 1928, I was in charge of Cantonese secret societies work in Singapore, and although these were not of the caliber of the old Triad Societies (we could only average one murder a day), quite a number of these societies (descended from branches of the Triad) were XX kongsi. And, as we know, the normal term for a business partnership or for a coolie-lines is kongsi, The Clan kongsi of Penang are quite unique. They do not exist elsewhere in Malaya. In Chinese usage, Mr. Blythe has concluded that the kongsi are includes hui because this both of the Chinese associations are no distinction is made between good and bad. Blythe also defines kongsi as any partnership or group with a common interest. 1.3 Objective Social and linguistic background and the nature of Chinese immigration determined the form of early Chinese social organizations. The surname differences and a strong sense of regional identity encouraged Chinese immigrants to form their respective surname associations or kongsi. The Chinese kongsi had played a major role in socials and economy in Malaya since the early days of British. However, the role of Chinese kongsi has being change after Penang Riots 1867. The objectives of this study have been first, to describe and analyses the Chinese kongsi activities in Penang between 1820 and 1957 to show how the movement grew and developed in these areas, and later became one mainstreams of the Chinese associations; second, to analyses the responses of various social groups among Chinese community in Penang to the Chinese kongsi, and third, to estimate the importance role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. This study has been chosen to discuss the problems in terms of politics because politics can be more volatile and more susceptible to radical change. It may not be as deep as social and culture change, nor as fundamental as economic innovation, but I hope to show that similar questions are worth asking about social and economic change and that the answers these produce would provide a sound basis for evaluating the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang.Nevertheless, this study has not tried to evaluate the quality of Chinese political life in Penang. The significance of this study is to prove and report the role of the Chinese kongsi have been changed between the period of the study. 1.4 Literature review The existing studies cover a wide range of themes including administration, the economy as well as social and political aspects. Even thought many scholar show that various kinds of overseas Chinese organizations set up for purpose of trade, protection and management were not merely copies of earlier form in China, but some have been given much attention; others remain neglected or have not been subjected to fresh critical inquiry. While most historians concentrated on the controlling forces of Chinese secret societies during and after the pre-war period. Although secret societies were not politically inclined and tended to maintain their traditional roles in running protection and extortion rackets. Secret societies, on the other hand, recruited across such barriers and members were bound together by the rituals of sworn brotherhood around a charismatic and semi-mystical head. Being tightly knit and glorifying martial prowess, they were particularly well suited to the task of colonization and self-protection demanded of a pioneering community. Mak Lau Fong observes in his sociological study of secret societies in Peninsular Malaysia: When sworn brotherhood binds Triad membership together, dialect differences are naturally de-emphasized, and the clan system is consigned to a secondary position. For the aspect of the Chinese kongsi origins, the study by M.L Wynne, Wang Tai Peng and W. Blythe is the most comprehensive, and the best account to date. Wang Tai Pengs study, original part of a Ph.D. dissertation, depends heavily on Chinese and Japanese materials in both the Menzies Library and the National Library. The question also led him to consider the historical place of the kongsi, and original political structure based on ideals of brotherhood and partnership, as a Chinese contribution on political practice. Wang Tai Pengs research explaining many obscure aspects of 18th and 19th century history but had developed out of vestiges of social practice which served to meet the alien conditions outside. Wangs study demonstrates that kongsi is the most ingenious type of brotherhood-partnership structure to be used as a system of government anywhere in the world. While Cheng Lim Keak in his study, Reflection on the Changing Roles of Chinese Clan Association in Singapore have discussed the traditional roles of clan associations and the impact of the accelerated social change and the future roles of the associations. However Chengs study is more pay attention to the formation of the Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations (SFCCA) and less discuss role of the Chinese kongsi. This is not to say studies of the Chinese kongsi by local researchers have not been up to the mark. Cheah See Kian, one of the earliest local scholars to publish his research on the Chinese politic and history from Chinese aspect, for instance, has looked at the period in terms of the divisive nature of wartime policies and their impact on Chinese community during wartime and the immediate postwar period. Even through Cheah studies is directly link with Chinese history in Penang, but he not really point out relationship and the role between Chinese secret societies and Chinese kongsi. Other studies by local scholars are less comprehensive, more focused in their geographical coverage and the kinds of documents consulted. Several falls more within the realm of local history or regional studies. Lim Gaik Siang in her paper, Khoo Kongsi Clanhouse and Community: Transformation of Social and Spatial Relationships, discussed the implementation of the Rent Control Act to Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi after the Second World War. Lim have point out that with the repeal of Rent Control Act, the tenants are moving out willingly or unwillingly, leaving Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi enclave as a dead heritage. As the living quality was decreasing, many of the Khoo offspring moved out from the shop houses originally built for them, leaving the kinship community to disintegration. With the moving in of people of other surnames, the community was able to sustain its stability, despite its being no longer an exclusive Khoo clan community. The Khoo Kongsi was started in 1835 is most popular Chinese kongsi in Penang, was founders by Khoo Wat Seng, whose descendants were Baba leaders of Penang society, and are still involved with the kongsi. In the mid-1800 the most prominent leader of the Khoo Kongsi was also the leader (Baba) of one of the main secret societies. His name was Khoo Thean Teik, and he was leader of both the Toh Pek Kong or Kien Tek Society, and the Khoo Kongsi. The kongsis extensive landholdings in Air Itam, dating from these days, are named in his honour. In these groupings, whether you call them clubs or kongsi, were both Babas and sinkehs. In 1867, out of a total Penang Chinese population of about 36,000-30,000 belong with either the Kien Tek society or its secret society rival, the Ghee Hin. Meanwhile, Thomas Tan Tsu Wees study has present to readers portraiture of huaqiao (overseas Chinese) life. A few selected part of his study, principally on Singapore, is based on his Ph.D. dissertation. In his book, Your Chinese Roots: The Overseas Chinese Story also struggles against discrimination in the early years, the growth of Chinatowns, and of the many associations like clans and hui kuan that were formed-bringing together fellow Chinese who speak the same dialect, originate from the same district, and who have same dialect. Because of this book in particular examines the major overseas Chinese communities in the Nanyang, and countries a field likes America, Australia, New Zealand and Britain, most of these are insufficient specialized material and country. Thus topics on Chinese emigration, Chinese kongsi, principal institutions and interest of the Chinese kongsis roles have not much pay attention in his study. Barbara E. Wards study of Hakka kongsi in Borneo is another significant contribution to the history of Chinese kongsi. Meanwhile, not much attention has been paid to East Malaysia, although the works of Ooi Keat Gin on Sarawak have looked at this period from the perspective of both colonizers and the colonized, while others have focused on the Kinabalu guerrillas of Sabah. In China the Hakka people form a distinct linguistic group, speaking a dialect which may be described as about mid-way between Cantonese and Mandarin. It is generally held that they originated in Central China and gradually traveled southwards in a series of movements as a result of pressure from the north. Many Hakkas originally moved into Sarawak from Dutch Borneo during the troubled period in the mid-nineteenth century. There they had been agriculturalists and gold-miners, members of self-governing kongsi. The kongsi type of organization existed also in the districts around Bau in Sarawak, but was more elaborately developed on the Dutch side, for which also there exists fuller documentation. As an understanding of present-day social organization demands not only contemporary buy also historical treatment, it has been considered useful to analyses here the kongsi organization as it is described for the gold districts in Dutch West Borneo. The mutual aid organizations of Chinese migrants known as kongsi were also investigated by scholar such as J. J. M. de Groot (1854-1921) and Simon Hartwich Schaank, in particular in relative to the question of their relationship to secret societies. De Groot succeeded G. A. Wilken (1847-91), a former colonial civil servant, as Professor of Anthropology in Leiden, and eventually became Professor of Chinese as Schlegels successor in 1904. He had carried out research in southern China, and had been adviser on Chinese affairs to the government of the Dutch Indies, concerned in particular with Chinese immigrants labourers in Borneo. De Groots theory, the autonomous Chinese village institution embodies the western principle of democracy by a general election of the village head. It also argues that most of the Chinese in the west Borneo came from the countryside of China, and only an insignificant umber of them were from the cities. At the present time the total number of Hakka-speaking Chinese is estimated at something over 16 million concentrated mainly on the borders of Kiangsi, Fukien, and Kwantung. Actually ten hsiens in Kiangsi, eight in Fukien, and 15 in Kwangtung are purely Hakka-speaking. Besides this, Hakkas are to be found living side by side with speakers of different dialects in a hundred and five other oher hsiens, in Kiangsi, Fukien, Kwangtung (including Hainan Island), Kwangsi, Szechwan, Hunan, and Farmosa. In the passed, the cultural and linguistic different between the Hakkas and their neighbors, especially in the mixed areas, led to frequent strife. Hakka-speaking people have migrated overseas in large numbers, particularly to the Nan Yang, which is the Chinese term for the Malay Archipelago. The overseas Hakka come almost exclusively from Fukien and Kwantung, in which province they are to be found mainly in mountainous areas where there is a considerable shortage of land. It is estimated that there are more than two million Hakkas in the Nan Yang. According to the Census Report of 1947 there are 437,407 Hakkas (out of a total of 2,614,667 Chinese) in the Federation of Malaya and the Colony of Singapore. Yen Ching Hwang traces the beginning of large-scale migration of the Chinese into Malaya and describes the social organizations that provided support to the early immigrants in their environment. Dialect and province associations assumed far greater significance in Malaya than they did in China. New leadership emerged in the migrant community. These leaders came from the class of mine-owners, planters, and merchants. Eventually as Yen argues, the nearly Chinese came to be drawn to China-linked nationalism. The arrival of reformists and revolutionaries from China stirred political consciousness among the Chinese in Malaya. This nationalism strengthened the desire of the Chinese in Malaya to preserve their cultural identity. It came at a time too when there was concern at the growing westernization and barbarization of the local Chinese. While V. Purcells, The Chinese in Malaya (London, Oxford University Press, 1948, Reprinted 1967) is comprehensive in its survey of Chinese life in Malaya. Purcells study also is an attempt to give a consecutive account of the Chinese in Malaya and discuss their social politic problem. Similar in nature are Chinese-language studies on the hua chiao in Malaya. There is still no in-depth study of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. Scope of study The period from the 1820 to the 1957 was chosen as the period in these studies for some reason. By 1790, colonial records reflect that the Hung League manifested itself as the Ghee Hin society (kongsi) whiles the Hakka-controlled Hai San society (kongsi) of their own. Hokiens were members of both camps at least until 1840s. It can be suggested that between 1790 till 1820, the Ghee Hin was the main secret society in Penang. But after the establishment of the Hai San, their position was challenged. The 1820s were crucial years as rivalry between the secret societies intensified over their control of labors recruitment. So, the year 1820s were marked a new era of Chinese immigration to Penang. The year 1957 marks the end of the period being studied because after the Japanese occupation the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang became less important. At the same time, Chinese kongsi faced the biggest challenge when they failed to attracted young generation members. This study focus on the Chinese community in Penang, as the historical subject of the Penang Chinese kongsi, is understandable and legitimate given the following factors that distinguish Penang from many of the other states of Malaysia. Penang was originally part of Kedah, the oldest of all the Malay states. But, after becoming a colony directly ruled by the British, Penangs history is also different from that of the other two Straits Settlements, though all three shared a common political and administrative system for almost a hundred years. In this study have the three political groups will be includes in the research as mentioned by Wang Gungwu. The three political groups are, firstly, Group A which maintains links with the politics of China, either directly or indirectly, and is concerned always to identify with the destiny of China. Group B that consists of the hardheaded and realistic majority of the Chinese who are more concerned with the low-posture and indirect politics of trade and community associations. The vast majority, after all, were already full-fledged Malaysian Citizens. As one Malaysian Chinese writer (Goh Cheng Teik) suggested, the bulk to Chinese in Malaysia were hua yi rather than hua chiao. Their population had stabilized and the born-local component had increased significantly, At the 1947 Census, 62.5% of the Chinese population were tabulated as born in Malaya, compared with 31.2% in 1931. By 1957, the figure had risen to 74.5%. In 1970, it rose further to 86.9%. The most salient fact is that as a result of the abrupt end to immigrant from China in 1942, the generation which was 35 and under 1977, the twentieth year of Merdeka, is virtually 100% local-born. For the Hua Yi, then, normalization of Malaysia-China ties merely formalized an already de facto situation. Its effect in the long run could only be salutary from their point of views since Chinas apparent rejection of them means that allegiance to their country of adoption or birth would by that token become less a matter for public questioning, particularly by groups suspicious of their loyalty to Malaysia. On the other hand, they tend to be smug in their belief that money and organization are the roots of all politics and they have both. As for the third group, Group C, it is a small group often uncertain of itself because it is uncertain of its own identity, but generally committed to some sort of Malayan loyalty. It is a mixed group, consisting of several layers of members ranging from Babas, British Straits Chinese and Malayan nationalists to other with motives of different degrees of dubiousness. Methodology Most of the official documents are in English or Malay, and series is long and continual, while most of the communitys own materials in Chinese became sizeable only since the 1920s. Sadly, materials directly to Penang and the activities of the Chinese before World War II were destroyed when the Penang Secretariat building was bombed in 1945. Individual records of the pre-war committee members were similarly lost either because the families did not keep them or they were destroyed during the war. Luckily published colonial record lodged in the Universiti Sains Malaysia, University of Malaya Library and the National Archives in Kuala Lumpur held annual reports of the Chinese Protectorate. Through interviews with the upper and middle-echelon leaders in the various Chinese-based political parties and some members of the leaders of Chinese kongsi in Penang, I attempt to elicit their views on a range of topics centering on the research questions. Drawing on interviews with important pressmen and politicians from all the Chinese-based political parties and a survey of primary as well as secondary documents, the study will attempt to discuss the phenomena of increasing ethnic Chinese consciousness in the 1900s by focusing on the issue of Chinese kongsi and to a lesser extent Chinese social and culture. The period under survey covers the before and after post-war period. It is specifically related to the resurgence of secret societies at a time when the absence of law and order, the fluidity of the political situation, economic shortages, inflationary prices and low wages provided a fertile environment for the resurgence not only of secret societies but also political parties that were both radical and moderate in nature. In addition, I have try to examine the Chinese vernacular press in its reporting and representation of new and issues of interest and significance to the Chinese kongsi and local Chinese community with the belief that it has considerable influence on Chinese public opinion or at minimum reflects it. Thus the major thrust of my effort is to tap elite perceptions of their own community and its interests in the context of Chinese kongsi and consider the manner this affects Chinese orientations. In this study, I believe that is not more than an exploratory report of the issue since the data collection and interviews have not been as extensive as we had wished. Nevertheless, I hope that it will provide an impetus for further research into this important area of study. This introductory study does not attempt to answer these queries in any comprehensive way. Nor does it intend to respond to the queries directly. Data collection The data will be collected including the mailing of questionnaires, gathering of specimens, and the scheduling of interviews, the research for documents in libraries in specified locations, as well as the recording of differences between two groups of subjects. Beside that, the advances in computer technology now make feasible the first hand collection and analysis of many kinds of data involving events and behavior. A laptop computer will be used to collect and store data and then to generate a variety of tables and reports. Chapter outline In first chapter of this study, I overviewed and acquaint the reader with the topic. In the introduction, I discussed what is the study about the significant of the studies. In addition, five sources of literature review will be taken. For instance, search: journal, major books on the subject, monographs, relevant collection of images or objects, and dissertation. Besides that, I will brief and ought to concentrate on a statement of what the researcher wants to do, why, and how. On top of that, I will add analysis the researches opinion and outcome of their research. Since the structure and organization are geared to the purposes and aims of the Chinese kongsi, any understanding or analysis of the first aspect would be impossible without knowledge of the Chinese kongsis background. In chapter 2, the background of the Chinese kongsi in Penang from the years 1820-1860s will be discussed. Then, I will examine the development of the heterogeneous Penang Chinese community, along with the conjuncture between the British and Chinese communities whose leaders competed for control of this urban settlement. I will discuss about the kapitan system in this chapter. With immigrants coming from all over the region and from India and China, by the mid-19th century Penang had a mixed and fluctuating population, over which the authorities could exert little control. In the meantime, I will explore the revitalization of Penang Chinese kongsi system but also investigate the continuities and enduring structures that make kongsi an important vehicle for identity maintenance. Besides that, I also focus on events of the Chinese kongsi that draw the community together. The political of Penang Chinese kongsi system as a structure cosmology, a form of Chinese social status, and a social process will be considered. In chapter 3, I will investigate the dialogue between these two communities-both seeking to localize their own nations of propriety, authority, and sociality through the analysis of the 1867 Penang Riots, Ordinance 1869, 1882 and 1890. In chapter 4 and 5, I will attempt equally to show how much the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang have changed and are changing before and after the Japanese occupation. While I also will discuss in deep about the challenge of Chinese kongsi until the years 1957 in this chapter. The last chapter (chapter 6) will be my conclusion. 1.7.1 Chapter outline Chapter 1: Introduction Significant of study Objectives Literature Reviews Scope of study Methodology Chapter Outline Conclusion Chapter 2: The Genesis of the Chinese Kongsi Movement 2.1 Distribution of Chinese Population in Penang after 1820 2.2 Kapitan and Kongsi System 2.3 The Emergence of the Chinese Kongsi in Penang 2.4 The Competition among Chinese Groups in Penang, 1830s-1860s 2.5 Conclusion Chapter 3: A Period of Change 3.1 The Penang Riots 1867 3.2 Societies Ordinance and the Significance/Effect to the Kongsi Movement 3.2.1 The XIX 1869 Ordinance 3.2.2 Ordinance IV 1882 3.2.3 Societies Ordinance 1889 3.3 Conclusion Chapter 4: The Chinese Kongsi before the Japanese Occupation 4.1 Religion 4.2 Charity 4.3 Literature 4.4 Conclusion Chapter 5: The New Chinese Kongsi after the Japanese Occupation 5.1 New Chinese Kongsi systems 5.2 The Socioeconomic Position of the Chinese Kongsi 5.3 Education and Culture 5.4 The impact of the Chinese Kongsi 5.4.1 Ownership, Control, and Participation in the Corporate Sector 5.4.2 The Socio-economic Position of Chinese Kongsi 5.4.3 The Depression and its Impact 5.5 Conclusion Chapter 6: Conclusion Conclusion The Chinese, being the largest ethnic group in the city since 1788, was, like other immigrant communities, allowed to administer their own affairs through their headmen in the first 25 years of the colonys history. By 1867, after countless riots fuelled by the Chinese secret societies, the colonial administration felt that it was necessary, among the other entire problem, to curtail the abuse of newly arrived immigrants. This was achieved by setting up the office of a Chinese Protector. A society was often virtually synonymous with a kongsi, and most hui were wealthy because the members included successful businessmen. Because of the recruitment, sometimes forcible, of all new arrivals into one of the secret societies, they gained a dominant position in most areas where Chinese settled. While they could provide the migrant with assistance in a strange land, they could equally demand his services in any capacity, particularly in the recurring conflicts with rival societies. During the colonial era, the Chinese in Penang were largely left to their own devices. In a situation where Chinese society was divided along the lines of bang, the need for social control, mediation, religious worship and welfare services was largely met by voluntary organizations within each bang. Chinese voluntary organizations are of many types and each type bang. Broadly, the Chinese associations can be classified into six main types, namely, locally/dialect; clan / surname; trade/ occupational; mutual help; recreational/ cultural/ athletic/ alumni; and religious. During the major part of the nineteenth century, Chinese social life was under the strong influence of the secret societies. It is believed that the bang leaders were then often associated with the secret societies, a situation which had long hampered the proper functioning of the voluntary associations. After the outlawing of the secret societies in 1890, there was a mushrooming of voluntary associations which continued until 1941. During the Japanese Occupation (1942-45), all the Chinese associations either ceased operation or were dissolved. After the war, most of the associations resumed their functions, while new associations were formed. All Chinese associations are in a state of rapid transformation. Different associations have different problems of survival. However, much of their future will depend on their ability to adapt to change which, in turn, depends on two variables, namely, government policy, and the financial position and leadership of the association concerned. Social changes over the years have prompted the government to make repeated calls to the Chinese associations to change and extend their roles so as to meet the changing challenges. In Penang, Chinese with the surnames of Khoo, Cheah, Lim, Tan and Yeoh, the five predominant surnames there, unite to form the Fuchien Kong See (Company). As for the pang society of men from Kuang-tung, they compose large group of fellow provincials, such as Huin-ning Association, Kuang-chao Associations and Kuang-tung Associations. These organizations of fellow provincials and jee she (surname) societies have cemeteries, school, hospital, clubs and recreational and amusement facilities. In summary, there is no doubt about the significance of the emergence of the Chinese kongsi and its impact on clan association movement. Whereas the kongsihas been emerged to be the prime mover for Chinese culture and traditions, many clan associations have in turn responded positively to the kongsiscall or invitations to participate in large-scale celebrations. In this respect, the kongsihas played the important coordinating role. Despite the new developments, most of the clan associations still remain inactive. In the face of continuing rapid social change, clan associations are still adjusting themselves so that they may remain relevant. The Chinese kongsi continued to survive, albeit this time with new challenges, pressures from the government policy, for examples, became one of the reasons why Chinese kongsi in Penang were active in religion and intellectually. I will try to argue that it is the particular aspects of Penangs history from Chinese secret societies to Chinese kongsi that have made Penang a unique interstice of socio-cultural transformations. An important role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang, that uniqueness lies in the diversity of ways the people of Penang have lived out their lives. Recovering the past it is a process of contestations. But, recovering the past, in all its fractious diversity, through the different voices of those who have lived in Penang throughout its history, is a necessary route through which those living in Penang today can re-establish their links with the material, as well as living, heritage of earlier generations in Penang. In the end of the research, I believe that it will represents no more than an exploratory report of the issue since the data collection and interviews have not been as extensive as I had wished. Nevertheless, I hope that it will provide an impetus for further research into this important area of study.